Calvin’s Success in Geneva Essay - 2223 Words

Calvin’s Success in Geneva In the generation after Luther and Zwingli the dominating figure of the Reformation was John Calvin, the French Protestant theologian who fled religious persecution in his native country and in 1536 settled in the newly independent republic of Geneva. Calvin led in the strict enforcement of reform measures previously instituted by the town council of Geneva and insisted on further reforms, including the congregational singing of the Psalms as part of church worship, the teaching of a catechism and confession of faith to children, the enforcement of a strict moral discipline in the community by the pastors and members of the church, and the excommunication of notorious†¦show more content†¦More than any other reformer, Calvin organized the contemporary diversities of Protestant thought into a clear and logical system. The circulation of his writings, his influence as an educator, and his great ability in organizing church and state in terms of reform created an internation al following and gave the Reformed churches, as Protestantism was called in Switzerland, France, and Scotland, a thoroughly Calvinistic stamp, both in theology and organization. Calvin’s success in Geneva can be viewed in five different sections; the pre-conditions, the external forces at work, Calvin’s character, supporting factors within the Calvinist Church and other factors. All these show that Calvin’s success was due to a number of reasons before and during his time and his leadership skills. The anti-papal feelings in Geneva had been mounting before Calvin had arrived. This means that the people of Geneva were ready for a reformation and Calvin was the one just to lead them, he didn’t convert them into believing they needed a reform. There were already anti-papal feelings in Geneva, when Calvin first visited Geneva he became a distinctive figure as he tried to bring its people into a state of salvation. But he was bitterly opposed by many people; anti-clericals, traditionalists, libertarians, localists and Anabaptists. As Mullett explains â€Å"a formidableShow MoreRelatedHow Important Was the Work of the Consistory to the Success of the Genevan Reformation by 1564?1323 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Consistory to the success of the Reformation in Geneva to 1564? – The consistory was important to the success of reformation in Geneva as Calvin sought to change the Genevan society by working through the Consistory. However, Consistory was not the only factor explaining the success of the Reformation in Geneva to 1564, as there were other key factors such as the works of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, Institutes of Christian Religion, supports from Geneva and Calvin’s own enthusiasm that wereRead MoreThe Life and Work of John Calvin and Galileo Galilei Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pageswas born July 10th, 1509, in Noyon, Picardy. He was raised up in a staunch Roman Catholic family. Early in his life, Calvin’s father was employed by the local bishop as an administrator at the town’s cathedral. With this newly acquired job, John Calvin’s father wanted Calvin to be a priest. Due to the fact that his family had close ties with the bishop and his noble family, Calvin’s classmates in Noyon were aristocratic and culturally in fluential in his childhood. At the age of fourteen, CalvinRead MoreThe Sixteenth Century : An Era Of Extreme Turmoil And Change Within The Catholic Church1587 Words   |  7 Pagesreformer from France who had settled in Geneva. In many ways the ideology of John Calvin was simply a continuation of Luther’s ideas. The ultimate iconoclast, Calvin took away all images, incense and statues from Catholic services and instead focused upon simplicity, even going as far as to remove the tradition of wedding rings. Calvin believed that worship had been, â€Å"perverted by so many impious and foul superstitions† (Rogers 329). As stated earlier, Calvin’s philosophy revolved around simplicity;Read MoreMy Life And Life Of A Missionary1082 Words   |  5 Pageshave not lost my faith. I am Yann Allaman and I was born in 1560 in Geneva. I am the only son of my two beloved parents and ever since I was young I knew that I wanted to be a missionary. I am blessed to have been born into a Calvinist family, so that I could have been raised according to God’s law. Throughout my life I have spread this religion to as many heretics as possible. Because of my devotion I began my preaching in Geneva, then I traveled to Kampan in the revolting Dutch provinces to spreadRead MoreSociety and the Nature of Time1107 Words   |  4 Pagesthis theme I found that the thing all of these articles have in common is that they all spoke on the issue about doing right and having an upright society. These articles include Twelve Tables: Laws and Offenses and Damages, The Salic Law, Policing Calvin’s Church, and James I Defends Absolutism. Through my paper I would like to analyze each of the texts, including historical background (date, place, circumstances surrounding the document’s creation and other significant elements), context, and thenRead MoreReligion And History Of Religion2764 Words   |  12 Pageswent through Geneva. He got caught up in Geneva because there was a lot of a r eligious and political dispute. Calvin was engaged and stuck around for a while. He was in great luck because the Geneva city council was attracted to the idea of reformation. The council then approved the new reformation of the faith. Geneva brought great opportunities to Calvin while he was there. He was a writer, theologian, and preacher and then became a pastor once he became more known to the people in Geneva. Calvin spentRead MoreAnalysis of the Influence of Religious Reformation on the Change of2663 Words   |  11 Pagesrule it, only the Christ in the heaven is the leader, and only he rules. This view fundamentally denied the Popes absolute authority; in addition, Calvin also said: the predetermined we called, refers to the eternal will of God, God decide the success of everyone in the world.† The God before creation, he has chosen us in Christ.† And here Calvin also takes all directly to God, in Gods absolute authority he denies the authority of the pope. 2.2. The Salvation Theory of Sacrament and the AtonementRead MoreRethinking Work Ethic For The Age Of Convergence2191 Words   |  9 Pagesemployment is viewed as a social, economic, and moral obligation. Particularly in the hyper-individualism of the United States, we have perpetuated the myth of the American Dream, the promise that hard work and determination alone fuel the escalator to success. The primacy of work in society is embodied in the inevitable American small-talk clichà © â€Å"What do you do?† and in Benjamin Franklin’s timeworn aphorisms such as â€Å"time is money.† Even children are indoctrinated through the question of what they â€Å"wantRead MoreReligious Groups Of Colonial America Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesChristianity believed in an afterlife and immortality of the human soul. Native individuals pleased their gods in traditional ways through prayer and sometimes offering valuable items as sacrifice such as food, furs and tobacco. S ometimes, to ensure success on hunts, in the harvest, at war or simply to seek guidance from the creator tribes would call upon the assistance of shamans or priests who were said to have supernatural powers. This would be seen as witchcraft by Europeans and would cause Native

Public International Law Free Essays

In addition to our syllabus, more of the oral and reporting which is usual in the class will take place. The lessons I learned from my English summer class are not that quite easy to analyze but with the help of our professor, it is more easy to understand because he taught very clearly. The PAP style syllabus which Is about the avoidance of plagiarism help me to know Its Limitations and rules that I should follow for us to know the Limit of exceeding in the line. We will write a custom essay sample on Public International Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Actually, there are many different ways to credit the author that you get your sources from, whether it is a book, magazine, newspaper or online research. Back in high school, whenever we are gathering information from different resources, we were always task to do the bibliography properly. Now in college, there were similarity in acknowledging the authors and the creditors, the deference is that when we are studying the PAP styles, it shows how broad the topic Is and how important to follow all the formats that were given In the syllabus. And It is not only we are studying the format in gathering from the book, but there were different given circumstances and example which is very helpful for me. Before, in other subjects when we are task to do some home works and there should be acknowledgements we Just copies the link of it, the thing is back then we didn’t know that when we get from the online sites, there are still formats to follow which I knew now already and I’m not Joking that I actually already memorized how to credit the authors or even If here’s not, the format of It are now clear In my mind and maybe In the future, the PAP style which we tackled is very helpful for us not to be accused for popularizing. Other lessons we learned, in the reporting area in particular the Narratives conventions and devices, teaching us on how to sequence properly the stories and the importance of order. Second, the Logical fallacies are a fallacy in logical argumentation. For example, Bandwagon Is a cause that has suddenly become fashionable or popular. Suggesting that simply because a lot of others are doing It, you should too. Last example is the Hasty generalizations, which draw a conclusion from insufficient evidence. In the end, the last topic in all the reporting is the writing process, which is a several steps to go through to make up to an essay. First to the last steps are the preprinting, writing, revising, editing and publishing. For me, the importance of reading is very helpful whenever I write reflection papers or essays. Actually It has a significant number of benefits. Beforehand, I’m really not Into instructor would always say to us that for us to be fluent and good in English, we should read every day for us to widen our vocabulary and ideas that will refreshed our minds, and it expands our knowledge and discoveries which is a great help. Since reading is keeping your brain active, it will lessen your forgetfulness which results in better writing skills. So whenever I write some paper works, the ideas and imaginations is more broad that results in composing a good sentences and paragraphs. When the writing process was tackled in the reporting, I listed it down because if you like to be a good composer or a writer, the process and orders are very important to follow. And, following these steps is not only necessary to achieve a good grade; it would also develop your writing skill, and make you able to think in a more organized way. After all, writing is not only a product, rather, a process also. To sum it up, all the topics that we discussed really helped me. Maybe until before or after I graduate I can still use all the lessons I learned. How to cite Public International Law, Papers Public International Law Free Essays Public International Law Assignment 24/10/2012 10340269 3BBL As an expert you have been approached: (a) By the International Court of Justice to offer a brief opinion on the possible amendment of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice to reflect the diversity of sources of international law Introduction Sources of international law has long been a contentious matter amongst legal commentators and academics in the sphere of the international legal system. At the root of all legal systems there is a fundamental need to clearly identify all sources of law, a view which is concisely expressed by former judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Robert Jennings: ‘[A]lthough lawyers know that the quality of certainty of ? law  is one on which there must be much compromise, not least in the interests of justice, it is a  desideratum  of any strong ? aw  that there is reasonable certainty about where one should look to find it. ’ Given the absence of any official legislature in the area of international law, it is Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ which responds to the basic need to identify the sources of international law. We will write a custom essay sample on Public International Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now The contention surrounding Article 38 concerns an emerging belief that it should be amended to reflect the diversity of sources of international law. Ancillary to this is the criticism that the ambiguity concerning potential additional sources of international law, such as resolutions of the UN General Assembly and unilateral declarations/acts of state has given rise to the concept of â€Å"soft law†, which Sztucki condemns because it risks blurring the threshold between what is legally binding and what is not. A further criticism of Article 38 is that the ability to create new laws is constrained by subsection 2 of the article. Consequentially, it is argued that no formal system of precedent may exist as laws are only binding to the parties involved. In essence, the question that must be addressed is whether Article 38 should be amended to reflect the contribution to the development of international law by the following influences: 1. Unilateral acts of state 2. Rules of Jus Cogens 3. Resolutions of the General Assembly Unilateral Acts of State The modalities and international legal effect of a unilateral declaration made by a state was fully explored in the Nuclear Test case, and is now the subject of guiding principles adopted by the ILC. The basic principle generated from the judgment of the court in this case is that: It is well recognised that declarations made by way of unilateral acts, concerning legal or factual situations may have the effect of creating legal obligation. ’ It is accepted that the binding nature of unilateral acts of states is based on the principle of pacta sunt servanda and the intent to be bound. The genesis of the relationship between unilateral acts of states and their legal obligations can be traced back to the Eastern Greenland dispute, which provides the authority for the significance of unilateral acts. Given the legal ramifications of such acts, the question thus arises as to whether they should be provided for as a source of law under Article 38. Fitzmaurice argues that unilateral acts of states examined represent, in essence, a source of obligation as distinct from a formal source of law. He contends that the law requires an obligation to be carried out but the obligation is not, in itself, law. In effect, a unilateral act represents more of a contractual obligation rather than a source of law. In addition, one must also consider the difficulty involved in generalising so heterogeneous a category. Rules of Jus Cogens There has been considerable contention over the exclusion of a reference to the rules of jus cogens in Article 38. While it is sometimes proposed as an independent source of international law, one must consider the question, are the norms of rules of jus cogens not inherent in international law given the emphasis it places on human rights and its flexibility as a living instrument? In addition, one must examine the scope of Article 38 (1) (c), which provides for the application of general principles of law recognised by civilised nations. Given the vast spectrum available for the interpretation of these principles notwithstanding the fact that the rules of jus cogens are fundamental in the general principles of law recognised by civilised countries, it makes it effectively impossible to argue that they are not provided for in Article 38. Evidence of this assertion can be derived from the statement of President Baron Descamps; the draft that became Article 38 (1) (c) ‘was necessary to meet the possibility of a non liquet’. Resolutions of the General Assembly The confusion surrounding the role of resolutions of the General Assembly in relation to the sources of international law garners some dispute. It has long been established that these resolutions are not legally binding on States. However, there is precedent to the effect that they may form the constituent parts of customary law. For example, in Nicaragua V United States the ICJ referred to GA resolutions expressly and solely to demonstrate the existence of the necessary opinion juris. Furthermore, in the Legality of Threat of Nuclear Weapons case the ICJ suggested that despite resolutions not being binding, they may still have normative value. While this case confirmed the suggestion by the ILC that resolutions do not yet constitute sources of law, it is irrefutable that they do represent evidence of State practise and an understanding of international law to the degree that they can, in fact, form part of the constituent elements of custom. Conclusion While it is apparent that there is an emergence of material sources of international law, one cannot purport to suggest or argue that any further formal sources of law exist. Therefore, for now Article 38(1) remains an exhaustive statement on the sources of law making in the international legal system. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://login. westlaw. co. uk. eproxy. ucd. ie/maf/wluk/app/document? srguid=ia744d05f0000013a8f3a29776e1952b9docguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028hitguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028spos=2epos=2td=4000crumb-action=appendcontext=8resolvein=true [ 2 ]. Cases and Materials on international law 7th ed. Sweet and Maxwell p. 57 [ 3 ]. I. C. J reports 1974, pp. 253, 457, [ 4 ]. P. C. I. J. Reports, Series A/B. No. 53 1933 [ 5 ]. Cases and Materials on international law 7th ed. Sweet and Maxwell p. 34 [ 6 ]. http://login. westlaw. co. uk. eproxy. ucd. ie/maf/wluk/app/document? srguid=ia744d05f0000013a8f3a29776e1952b9docguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028hitguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028spos=2epos=2td=4000crumb-action=appendcontext=8resolvein=true [ 7 ]. Cases and Materials on international law 7th ed. Sweet and Maxwell p. 53 [ 8 ]. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ [ 9 ]. Cases and Materials on international law 7th ed. Sweet and Maxwell p. 54 [ 10 ]. Nuclear Tests ( Australia v France) and Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v France) I. C. J reports 1974 [ 11 ]. http://login. westlaw. co. uk. eproxy. ucd. ie/maf/wluk/app/document? srguid=ia744d05f0000013a8f3a29776e1952b9docguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028hitguid=ID46692C0E72111DA9D198AF4F85CA028spos=2epos=2td=4000crumb-action=appendcontext=8resolvein=true How to cite Public International Law, Essay examples

Peter Pan free essay sample

What is the role of a child and their innocence? This is a topic that can be discussed thoroughly and quite in depth with many people. The element of a childs innocence plays an extremely important role in their life for not only the reason of staying a child but also refraining them from growing up too fast when it is not necessary. The innocence of a child is precious, malleable, and cannot always be retrieved once it is lost. Sometimes a child is forced to become an adult, from various external influences through experiences in their life, which can quickly result in the hild losing their innocence. As we see in Coraline, a young girl is forced to temporarily lose her innocence because of the sudden disappearance of her parents and also the agreement that she has made with her other mother. While in Peter Pan, he chooses to never let go of his child innocence because he does not want to face the reality of growing up and the responsibilities that becoming an adult. The opening scene of the movie introduces the boys playing pirates and Wendy is picking up after them and watching them closely. She straight-out demonstrates the â€Å"mother-in-training† aspect in the first 5 minutes of the movie. Though as soon as the father comes in complaining about finding his cufflinks he gets upset with them and states â€Å"Wendy, this will be your last night staying in the nursery†¦it is time for you to grow up! † There was a shock and awe felt around the room from hearing those words. The boys cried out, â€Å"But who’s going to tell us stories now?! † Wendy was upset at the fact at what the father said but there was nothing to be done about it. It left off leaving them confused and upset on why she had to leave and grow up. It can be as though as she accepts the fact that it will be her last night in the nursery, and shows that she can think more logically than her younger brothers. Piaget calls this the Concrete Operational Stage, which is the ability to actively and appropriately use logic.

Themes in Kafkas free essay sample

Themes in Frank Kafkas â€Å"Metamorphosis† Franz Kafkas â€Å"Metamorphosis† is a story about a man who awakes one morning to find himself transformed into a giant bug. This metamorphosis causes a clash between the main character Gregor Samsa and his family which in turn creates major changes in all characters. Kafka utilizes many themes in the story including change, isolation, power and money. These themes aid in making the story vague, while retaining a sense of lucidity. One main theme in the story is change. Gregor Samsas reality changes only mildly, despite his radical physical transformation. Prior to his mutation, Gregor’s life was consumed with his work as a traveling salesman in addition to taking care of his family. A boring life, dominated by providing for his family, much like a bug provides for his nest or hive. He describes his life as the plague of traveling: the anxieties of changing trains, the irregular, inferior meals, the ever changing faces, never to be seen again, people with whom one has no chance to be friendly (Kafka 13). We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Kafkas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The real metamorphosis occurs when he realizes his present situation, and his role in his household. Gregor does not change into a bug; he simply recognizes that he has been one for quite some time. This sudden epiphany could certainly send him into a shock that causes a mental sickness, eventually leading to his death. From the very beginning the setting creates an atmosphere of isolation, a major theme in the story. â€Å"Gregor’s room is at the center of the Samsa family’s apartment, with one wall facing the outside, the opposite wall bordering on the living room, and the two side walls shared with the bedroom of Gregor’s parents and his sister respectively. Each of these walls has an egress onto the world: the outside wall has a window, and the other walls have doors leading to the adjacent rooms. These doors, however – and in particular the double-door that opens into the living room – are not simple entranceways into the communal realm of the family; rather, they symbolize precisely that contradictory complex of merger with and separation from the family that each section of the narrative enacts. These doors function not only as passageways but also as barriers – indeed, ultimately they are impenetrable barriers. (Gray 286) After his transformation, Gregor is completely isolated. He realizes that it’s not much different than his life previous life, as the job to which he has been so dedicated, shows their disloyalty to him. â€Å"Moreover, it turns out that Gregor works for a firm that does not trust its employees at all: because he is late this one day, the chief clerk shows up to check on him and begins hinting that he is suspected of embezzling funds and may very well be fired† (Smith 193). His family alienates him as well. Grete, his younger sister, is the only one who helps him. She was scared but managed to put her apprehensions aside, even getting angry with others for trying to help. After her acceptance as role of caretaker, the other members of Gregors family do not associate with him. No one attempted to understand him, no one, not even his sister, imagined that she could understand him(Kafka 45). As an insect, he can still hear, however, so he knows what others want, but they cannot know what he wants. This seems an apt situation for Gregor to end up in, because his life even before his transformation seems to have been one of catering to others’ needs while suppressing his own. Before long, Gregor settles on the fact that throughout his metamorphosis he has neither lost nor gained anything. Even his unsettling dreams the morning of his mutation symbolize a troubled life before his metamorphosis. He is expressing his feelings of a lack of fulfillment and it shows a layer of him otherwise hidden. The actual metamorphosis symbolizes a rebellion assertion of unconscious desires and energies (Eggenschwiler 203). His mother and father treat him as a monster, instead of their son who is in need of help and support, just like they neglected their parental roles before his transformation, allowing him to take on all of their responsibilities. Although in some ways the transformation reinforces Gregor’s alienation from the world, in other ways becoming an insect is a way for him to escape his unhappy life. No longer will he have to work at his burdensome job, or care for his family who do not return the same care or respect. Gregor is not the only one to go through a drastic change in the story. His mother, sister and father also transform in ways not easily defined by outward appearance. This leads to the second major theme of the book, power. Power is both gained and surrendered by all members of the Samsa family at different points in the story. Before his transformation, Gregor holds the power as the man of the house. He earns the money to pay rent, provide food, and dig his family out of the overwhelming debt his mother and father have gotten into. After his transformation, Gregor loses this authority, basically imprisoned in his room, unable to attend to the responsibilities he once had. Gregor’s humanity, to the extent that his parents and sister acknowledge it, is inextricably tied to his function as economic provider† (Bloom 60). His father, however, gains power as he takes on the role as head of household. He is consumed by the family’s financial burden from the first day after Gregor’s mutation. He now finds the strength to find employme nt, something he was too ill to do while Gregor provided for the family. Interestingly, he can only regain his power after Gregor himself, the self-sacrificing, downtrodden one, is dead. This suggests that the presence of a self-sacrificing person drains those around him. Gregor sees his father after some time has passed since his transformation and asks, â€Å"Was this the same man who in the old days used to lie wearily buried in bed when Gregor left on a business trip; who greeted him on his return in the evening, sitting in his bathrobe in the armchair, who actually had difficulty getting to his feet† (Kafka 36)? Although Gregor has the most obvious transformation, it seems Grete, his younger sister, changes the most throughout the story, many of these changes involving her own power and standing in the family. At first she takes on the role as his caretaker, bringing him food, cleaning his room and trying to make him as comfortable as possible in his room. She is his only tie to his family and really his only link to humanity. She gains the consideration of her parents, who once considered her quite useless. â€Å"Often he heard them say how much they appreciated his sister’s work, whereas until now they had frequently been annoyed with her† (Kafka 29). She however takes on her own transformation, from girl to woman. With this change, her pity for Gregor diminishes. When at first she had helped Gregor out of kindness, eventually she comes to regard the job as a chore. She doesn’t always enjoy it, but it serves to define her position in the family, and she becomes territorial about this power she has gained, not wanting her mother to be involved. As she matures and takes on more adult responsibilities, most notably getting a job to help provide for her family financially, her commitment to Gregor diminishes. Grete tells her parents, â€Å"We must try to get rid of it† (Kafka 49). Eventually she comes to resent the burden of what Gregor has become and it s Grete who decides they must get rid of â€Å"it†. While not as prominent as the other themes, but in correlation with power, the theme of money weaves a path through the story. Gregor is enslaved to his family because he is the only one who makes money. With the exception of his sister, the family seems to treat him not as a son, but as a source of income. When Gregor is no longer able to work after his metamorphosis, he is treated with revulsion and neglect. Once the family begins working, they also find difficulty communicating with each other, eating dinner in silence and fighting amongst themselves. The exhaustion brought on by dehumanizing jobs and the recognition that people are only valuable so long as they earn a salary keeps them isolated from one another and unable to create real connections. This story has limited depth if the reader only takes it for its literal meaning and fails to read between the lines to discover the themes included. The reader must delve deeper into the story in order to understand it completely. Kafka kept this story compelling with the inclusion of these themes and other symbolism.

Being Rich Essays - Bullying, Emotions, Envy, Narcissism, Wish, Rich

Being Rich Essays - Bullying, Emotions, Envy, Narcissism, Wish, Rich Being Rich Some teenagers dream of becoming rich whereas others consider it to be rather dangerous. ESSAY: | - In today's world more and more people tend to believe that happiness cannot exist without financial basis. That is why, many offsprings nowadays wish to be wealthy in life. However, there are some, who assert that extremely richness poses a serious threat to its' owner. Personally, I am inclined to believe that the wish of being wealthy is not worth the dream the rich stick to and money even can do irreparable harm to individuals. Firstly, the majority of people, being comfortably off, look down on others thinking that the whole world revolves around them. We should take into account that wealth often goes together with loss of positive personal qualities and tendency to greed and callousness. Secondly, it would not be wrong to assert that individuals being well financially secure are more often subject to be exposed to crime. Because of envy, springing from social inequality, many people are eager to clear the world from the rich. Nevertheless, opponents of this view think that high monetary status is one of the most desired dreams. They think that rich people are provided with great opportunities. Wealthy individuals can afford any buying and high level of services. Despite all this arguments, I assume that luxuries can do more harm than bring benefits to the owner. Having an opportunity to get anything , a rich runs out of purposes, aspiration and sees no reasons to live on. In conclusion, I am strongly convinced that richness poses a potential harm to people. They undermine their spiritual stability gaining negative traits of character and eventually unaware of what to go after .

Quotations and Block Quotes in Chicago Referencing

Quotations and Block Quotes in Chicago Referencing Quotations and Block Quotes in Chicago Referencing When writing an academic paper, you may need to quote something you’ve read somewhere. But how to do this depends on the referencing system being used, so it pays to do some research. In this blogpost, we’re looking at how quotations work in Chicago referencing. Quoting vs. Paraphrasing When citing a source, you can either use a direct quotation or paraphrase what you’ve read. Direct quotation involves using the exact words written in the source you’re citing. To do this, you should place the quoted text inside double quotation marks (i.e., â€Å" †). It’s a good idea to quote a source directly if your argument depends on the exact wording of what you’re quoting. Air quotes are a bit different.(Source: Rob Cottingham/YouTube) If you don’t want to quote a source directly, you can paraphrase it instead. This means explaining what you’ve read in your own words. However, you still need to cite a source when paraphrasing, and you should be careful not to accidentally copy the original author’s wording. Footnotes or In-Text Citations? Since Chicago referencing offers two ways of citing sources, the exact rules will depend on which version you use. With the footnote and bibliography system, you should indicate citations using superscript numbers (e.g. 1, 2, 3) after the quoted text: Mitchell investigates â€Å"possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors.†1 The first time you cite a source, you then need to give full bibliographic information in the accompanying footnote (including page numbers for the section quoted). With the author-date version of Chicago referencing, sources are cited in the main text of your paper. When quoting, this means giving the author’s surname, year of publication, and relevant page numbers in parentheses after the quotation: It is important to investigate â€Å"possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors† (Mitchell 1996, 132). If the author is named in the text, however, the citation is given after their name: Mitchell (1996, 132) investigates â€Å"possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors.† Full bibliographic information of all cited sources is then given in the reference list. Long Quotations The other key fact to remember is that longer quotations are formatted differently in Chicago referencing. These are known as â€Å"block quotes† and should be: Prose quotations of five or more lines Not enclosed in quotation marks Preceded and followed by a blank line Indented .5† from the left margin The rules for citing a block quote are the same as when quoting a source elsewhere in your text. As such, a Chicago-style block quote using footnote citations would look something like this: Discussing genetics and behavior, Mitchell writes that: In order to evaluate the legitimacy of such explanations it is, thus, necessary to explicate the variety of possible causal pathways connecting genetic replicators and social behaviors. If phenotypic variation is the direct object of natural selection, one must understand the underlying relationship between the phenotypic expression and genetic replicators to argue that any such phenotypic trait is, or can be, an adaptation.1 This suggests that the relationship between genetics and behavior in animals is†¦ The full citation for the source would then be given in a footnote at the bottom of the page.

Computer Systems Architecture and Administration Assignment

Computer Systems Architecture and Administration - Assignment Example There are three mechanisms to the performance of processing interrupts. The leading element is the amount of time taken between when the processor receives an interrupt request and when the processor takes action to initiate processing the interrupt service routine. This interruption is referred to as interrupt latency. The second element of interrupt is the interrupt processing time. It denotes the amount of time that the processor spends when practically saving the machine state of the interrupted task and diverting the interrupt service routine execution. Usually the amount of machine state saved is minimal, on the presumption that the interrupt service. The last element of interrupt service performance is the state saving overhead. This underlines the amount of time consumed when saving machine registers, but which must be saved so that the interrupt service routine to do its job. c. Caching is beneficial in several ways including: latency is abridged for active data resulting in higher application performance levels. Further, the I/O operations to external storage are minimized because most the I/O is diverted to cache. Subsequently this leads to lower levels of SAN traffic and disagreement. a. For a program to be executed it is required that it be first stored in main memory. Subsequently, after the program is loaded in the memory, a program execution starts through the delivery its start address to the CPU, which then sends instruction address to the memory unit.

Fiber Optic Cables Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiber Optic Cables - Research Paper Example This method uses devices such as visual fault located or fiber optic tracer to analyze broken connections within the fiber cables. The methodology involves a ray of light that is emitted from one end of the fiber cable from one of these mentioned devices. If the light signal is visible at the other end of the fiber, it concludes that the particular fiber is not broken ("Fiber Optics - Testing "). However, if the cable fails to show the ray of light from the other end, it concludes that the particular cable is broken or damaged from somewhere. The insertion loss method includes a laser that can reflect faults in a fiber cable. The laser is red in color and displays damaged area of the cables. Moreover, the method combines with the Optical Time Domain reflectometer that is used to measure lengths of fiber cables, to identify connection losses, identify fiber defects, and most importantly splice losses from the fiber. The functionality of OTDR involves a transmission of light from one e nd of the fiber cable. The light travels along the path and identify any possible anomalies. If the light encounters a dead end, a defect, or a cut in fiber cable, it reflects back measuring the distance of that particular fault. The OTDR illustrate graphs and traces on the screen incorporated on the device. The connection losses are calculated from the amount of light that is reflected from that particular area of the fiber cable ("Fibre Optic Cable Testing "). Moreover, the devices powered by OTDR have provided high accuracy.... The functionality of OTDR involves a transmission of light from one end of the fiber cable. The light travels along the path and identify any possible anomalies. If the light encounters a dead end, a defect, or a cut in fiber cable, it reflects back measuring the distance of that particular fault. The OTDR illustrate graphs and traces on the screen incorporated on the device. The connection losses are calculated from the amount of light that is reflected from that particular area of the fiber cable ("Fibre Optic Cable Testing "). Moreover, the devices powered by OTDR have provided high accuracy measurements in terms of fiber optic characteristics. The devices are portable and can be used effectively in the field. As a result, the installed fiber optics are determined efficiently according to system specifications. OTDR also provides benefits in terms of robust data transfer and correcting faults in a timely manner (DeMeis 161). Furthermore, the most widely used method for measuring l osses is the Optical Continuous-Wave Reflectometry (OCRW). The functionality of this method involves a transmission of a continuous wavelength via an interface, connector or a device that needs to be tested so that the losses can be calculated in a straight line. The light source that is emitted in this method is calibrated along with the utilization of detector-optimized optical power meter, the return loss calculations can be achieved with pinpoint accuracy (Brown 48). Testing Devices The current applications powered by web 2.0 are rich video, voice, flash, Ajax etc. in order to provide high bandwidth capacity Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing networks are crucial. Network dictionary provides a most comprehensive definition of this new technology as â€Å"Dense

Parkinson Disease Essay Example for Free

Parkinson Disease Essay Parkinson disease is a gradually progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Parkinson disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. There are four characteristic problems caused by Parkinson disease, including tremor at rest, balance problems, stiffness, and slowness of movement. Parkinson disease occurs when areas of the brain, including an area called the substantia nigra, is slowly destroyed. The exact reason for this destruction is not completely known. In some patients, it may be due to genetic, environmental, or a combination of both causes. The end result is a deprivation in the brain of an important neurochemical, called dopamine. Dopamine helps regulate movement, and its loss leads to increased tone, rigidity, and slowness of movement. Lack of dopamine results in the symptoms associated with Parkinson disease . Approximately 50,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson disease every year. 95% of those diagnosed are over 50 years old. At any given time, about 500,000 people, or 1% of those over age 50 in the US are struggling with this condition. Diagnosis of Parkinson disease is a clinical one, based on history and physical examination. There are no lab tests to definitively diagnose the condition. Your doctor will ask about your medical history and perform a thorough physical exam. A systematic neurological exam will include testing your reflexes and observing things like muscle strength throughout your body, coordination, balance, and other details of movement, including: * Muscle tone Rapid alternating movements * Gait, posture * Postural stability * Quickness and precision of movement * Observation of a tremor (during rest or activity) A mini mental status exam will be performed; questions pertaining to mood, thoughts, and behavior will be asked. Activities of daily living will be evaluated, such as dressing, cutting and eating food, swallowing, hygiene, walking, and falls. The exact cause of PD is unknown. It may have both genetic and environmental components. Some scientists think that viruses can trigger PD as well. Low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, a substance that regulates dopamine, have been linked with PD. Abnormal proteins called Lewy bodies have also been found in the brains of people with PD. Scientists do not know what role, if any, Lewy bodies play a role in the development of PD. Certain groups of people have an increased risk of PD. Men are one and a half times more likely to get PD than women. Whites are more likely to get PD than African-Americans or Asians. PD usually appears between the ages of 50 and 60. It only occurs before the age of 40 in five to 10 percent of cases. People with a family history are more likely to develop this disorder. The four major motor problems seen in PD are: * tremor—shaking that occurs at rest * slow movements * stiffness of arms, legs, and trunk * problems with balance and tendency to fall Secondary symptoms of PD include: * blank facial expression * a tendency to get stuck when walking * small, cramped handwriting * muffled, low-volume speech * decreased blinking and swallowing * tendency to fall backwards * reduced arm swinging when walking Other, more extreme, symptoms of PD are: flaky white or yellow scales on oily parts of the skin, known as seborrheic dermatitis * sleep disturbances—including vivid dreams, talking, and movement during sleep * depression * anxiety * hallucinations * psychosis * problems with attention and memory * difficulty with visual-spatial relationships There is no specific test for PD. Diagnosis is made based on health history and a physical and neurological exam. Tests such as C AT scan or MRI may be used to rule out other conditions. Adequate rest, exercise, and a balanced diet are important. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy can also help to improve communication and self care. Surgical interventions are reserved for people who don’t respond to medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. So are procedures such as deep brain stimulation (DBS). In almost all cases of PD, medication will be required to help control the various physical and mental health symptoms associated with the disease. Drugs and Medication Used to Treat Parkinson’s Disease | Medication A number of different drugs can be used to treat PD. Levodopa Levodopa is the most common treatment for PD. It helps to replenish dopamine. About 75 percent of cases respond to levodopa, but not all symptoms are improved. Levodopa is generally given with cardiodopa. This delays the conversion of levodopa to carbidopa until it gets into the brain. Dopamine Agonists Dopamine agonistscan imitate the action of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine agonists are less effective than levodopa. However, they can be useful as bridge medications when levodopa is less effective. Drugs in this class include bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole.

Social Anxiety :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Social Anxiety A woman hates to stand in line in the grocery store because she's afraid that everyone is watching her. She knows that it's not really true, but she can't shake the feeling. While she is shopping, she is conscious of the fact that people might be staring at her from the big mirrors on the inside front of the ceiling. Now, she has to talk to the person who's checking out her groceries. She tries to smile, but her voice comes out weakly. She's sure she's making a fool of herself. Her self-consciousness and anxiety rise to the roof...(Richards 1) (1). A student won't attend her university classes on the first day because she knows that in some classes the professor will instruct them to go around the room and introduce themselves. Just thinking about sitting there, waiting to introduce herself to a roomful of strangers who will be staring at her makes her feel nauseous. She knows she won't be able to think clearly because her anxiety will be so high, and she is sure she will leave out important details...The anxiety is just too much to bear---so she skips the first day of class to avoid the possibility of having to introduce herself in class... (Richards 2) (2). These are just two examples of how people who suffer from social anxiety disorder feel about social situations and everyday interactions. Their fears can be paralyzing. Social anxiety disorder is the third largest psychological problem in the United States. It affects approximately 15 million Americans every year. It is a widely misunderstood disorder, where nearly 90% of people with social anxiety disorder are misdiagnosed. They are often misdiagnosed with schizophrenia, manic-depression, clinical depression, panic disorder, and or personality disorder (Richards 1-3). Misdiagnosis and undertreatment of anxiety disorders, according to "The Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders," a study commissioned by the ADAA, costs the United States more than $42 billion a year and more than $22.84 billion is linked to the repeated use of healthcare services for symptoms that mimic physical illness. In addition, people with anxiety disorder are three-to-five times more likely to go to the doctor and six times more likely to be hospitalized for psychiatric disorders when compared to those who do not suffer from anxiety disorders ("Brief Overview of Anxiety Disorder s" 2) (3). Social anxiety disorder can be defined as the persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others, and where exposure to such situations provokes anxiety.

Ground Water Pumping Through Water Privatization Environmental Sciences Essay

Approximately 30 % of full worldwide land country includes populated waterless and semi-arid countries. The major obstruction to socio economic development in these countries is Water deficits. The indispensable political orientation for the allotment of H2O resources are effectiveness, equity, and sustainability, with the enterprise of give the extreme advantage for society, environment and economic system, at the same clip as to keep sensible allotment amid assorted countries and people. Sustainable economic development in waterless and semi-arid countries relies a batch on sustainable H2O resource direction. The limpid allotment of H2O resources needs a many-sided balance between demand and supply, in assorted economic sectors peculiarly athwart sub-areas in waterless and semi-arid clime countries. Regional development planning demands to integrate economic aims with issue including historical, technological, and natural resource restraints. Jointly, these factors consequence public distribution, economic construction and paradigm of ecology and hence, the extent of H2O distributed for these intents in waterless and semi-arid countries. Regional community, economic and ecological unsimilarity necessitate particular sustainable development schemes in state of H2O scarceness. This survey assesses the feasibleness of different techniques for supplying fresh H2O to arid parts of the universe.BackgroundBrisk industrialisation, urbanisation, and population growing in waterless states are exerting lifting force per unit area on local H2O governments and H2O contrivers to satisfy the emergent ur ban H2O demand. Since handiness of conventional beginnings of fresh H2O deficiencies for imbibing usage, saltwater H2O desalinization, in accretion to partial groundwater resources, are the main H2O supply beginnings for urban use. In last two decennaries, urban H2O emphasis has increased well, owing to fast urbanisation and industrialisation, population growing and development in life criterions.Facts and FiguresWith a surging mean growing rate of over 3.4 % the population amplified from around 17.688 million in 1970 to 38.52 million in 1995. It is predicted to acquire to 81.25 million in 2025. The urban population is anticipated to go up from 60 % in 1995 to over 80 % in 2025. Curriculum has been made for improved escape control in webs of domestic H2O. They have been besides incorporated for effluent intervention and usage once more for industrial and irrigation usage. Water management-related ordinances and Torahs have been designed, numbering those to diminish H2O demands and l osingss. Uncontrolled escapes add well to shoal water-table formation and contagious disease of shoal and deep aquifers. The utmost pumping from local aquifers to accommodate the turning urban H2O demand effects in significant turn down in H2O degrees. This is declining in groundwater quality. At adequately brawny pumping rates the demand is tried to be fulfilled, leads to stream flow depletion. With a changeless addition in urban demand for H2O and sanitation, confront to accommodate these demands are lifting. To building more, dearly-won desalinization workss would be hard. The difference can be resolve with the preliminary portion of new and modern statute law and institutional actions. This can besides be done by taking on advanced techniques in water-demand decrease, effluent reuse sweetening and decrease of H2O production, intervention and distribution costs.Land Water Pumping through Water denationalizationWater denationalization was taken on in 1989 by Margaret Thatcher's authorities. It privatized ten once public regional H2O and sewage companies in Wales and England in the class of disinvestment. In chorus the economic regulative bureau OFWAT was shaped. The Drinking Water Inspectorate ( DWI ) was positioned in 1990 to look into H2O safety and quality. Water denationalization since so is a controversial issue in England and Wales. A survey by the Public Services In ternational Research Unit ( which is affiliated with trade brotherhoods ) , that opposes denationalization in 2001 declared that duty amplified by 46 % in existent footings in the first nine old ages and investings were reduced Operating net incomes have doubled ( i.e.+142 % ) in eight old ages and public wellness was endangered by cut-offs for non-payment. Denationalization helped subscribe off the industry ‘s & A ; lb ; 4.95 billion debt. Privatization editorialist disputed in 1997 that infrastructure-mainly sewers-were non equal. Besides, OFWAT was blamed of non measuring company public presentation with marks. The critics said that OFWAT has chosen net income over supplying a assured degree of services. Conversely, a World Bank article disagree that the reforms six old ages after and before denationalization investings were $ 17b and & A ; lb ; 9.3bn severally which has certainly risen after denationalization brought about conformance with strict imbibing H2O criterions. Besides headed to a higher quality of river H2O. There are besides 16 largely smaller H2O merely companies in England and Wales that have been in private owned since the nineteenth century. In Scotland and Northern Ireland H2O and sewage services have remained in public ownershipDesalinationTo turn saltwater into imbibing H2O, the first large-scale desalinization works for domestic and industry usage in the UK opened on Wednesday 2 June 2010. Facts and Figures The desalinization workss ‘ capacities vary from 1000 to 789 864 m3/day. In 1990 and 1997, the universe desalinated H2O production was approximately 33 % for the entire domestic and 38 % for industrial demand. By 2025, desalinization production is predictable to be about 54 % of the entire domestic and industrial claim. The Ro workss need mechanical energy formed by pumps those work on electricity. About 3.5-9 kWh is necessary to fabricate 1 M3 of desalinated saltwater. The energy demand depends on the salt degree of the H2O input. Besides depends on efficiency of pump and the procedure design. A single-stage works of high efficiency degree, needs around 4 kWh/m3 and 0.5-2.5 kWh/m3 to bring forth 1 M3s of sensible quality H2O from saltwater and salty groundwater. The usage of a low-pressure membrane reduces the energy ingestion by 25-40 % , particularly when utilizing low-salinity H2O.DamDams are made to incorporate H2O, halt implosion therapy and bring forth hydroelectric powe r. Dams make available a H2O supply for irrigation, domestic demands and industrial application. Lakes and reservoirs are made since 19thcentury in UK. The most important resource for constructing a dike is funding. In the UK, the figure of immense dikes grew quickly during the nineteenth century from around 10 to 175. By 1950, the rate of growing about doubled. After 1950, building positioned itself at a rate of 5.4 dikes per twelvemonth. the UK today has a amount of 486 dikes. In Europe, the entirety of dike is lifting easy. The basic ground being that appropriate sites are going less and environmental concerns go turning.Large dikesThe six biggest reservoirs are positioned in the Volga river system in Russia. The two largest are Kuybyshevskoye ( 6450 km2 ) and Rybinskoye ( 4450 kilometer ) . Spain ( approx. 1200 ) , Turkey ( approx. 610 ) , Norway ( approx. 364 ) and the UK ( approx. 570 ) have largest figure of reservoirs.Environmental Issuesa figure of environmental issues are raised by Reservoir building in both edifice and completion phases. On shuting the dike, the H2O degree in the reservoir rises, ensuing in cardinal alterations in the country inundated with the H2O. Like loss of farming area, flooded colonies and the groundwater tabular array raised. Once the reservoirs are made, two sorts of environmental jobs take topographic point: Make the reservoir inappropriate for its intent. Algae and toxic substances in them make imbibing H2O inappropriate. Evoke ecological weakening of the river system, peculiarly downstream of these reservoirs. Large dikes break off the natural permanency of a river. Reservoirs alter the hydrological rhythm, therefore raising many other ecological effects like go forthing fewer engendering sites for migratory fish. Additionally, reservoirs grasp suspended affair largely sand fluxing into them. This decreases the suspended affair weight to make downstream and in the terminal to the sea. Lack of sand at the sea pilots coastal eroding.DecisionConstructing dike is really dearly-won and besides gives rise to a figure of environmental issues as discussed above. Ground H2O pumping and H2O privatizing besides has risen many inquiries refering to H2O degree and environment concerns vis- & A ; agrave ; -vis net income devising. The best option which should be taken in front by authorities is H2O Desalination. Though the one clip investings are high but the job of H2O allotment can be limited with its supplies. Commissariats to bring forth biofuels for the Thames desalinization works have been done, s till till they are place energy ingestion will stay an issue.RecommendationAll the above treatments focus on carry throughing the demand by one method or the other. Still other manner is to convey down the domestic and industrial demand. Legislation ought make more work to stop leaking pipes and diminish the mean H2O usage of clients by repairing more H2O metres and better publicities activities.

Elizabeth Austin Response

A Small Plea to Delete a Ubiquitous Expletive Response In this essay, Elizabeth Austin describes her feelings about the â€Å"F† word. She gives a detailed explanation on why it should not be used in the colloquial language. Austin first gives background knowledge about the â€Å"F† word and how it came to be as the word it is used now. Austin’s thesis is that the â€Å"F† word should not be used in any certain way. Austin first states that the word should be deleted from our use, but before that we must remove the people who use the word. â€Å"Let’s get rid of it.Scholars of social norms say all that’s necessary to remove offensive language from public speech is a critical mass of people willing to take up cudgels against it. † (Austin 6). There are tons of people who use the word and are not willing to get rid of it because they are so used to it. It is one of their words for colloquial language. Austin then describes how women went through different kind of words that described them. â€Å"â€Å"Produce and animals is what we were,† she recalls. â€Å"We were ‘chicks’ and ‘lambs’ and birds’ and bitches,’ and there was always the infamous ‘cherry’†Ã¢â‚¬  (Austin 6).She relates this to women because women were able to change the social norm of being called different things. Austin shows that since women can change the social norm, then society can get rid of the â€Å"F† word. Austin continues with the ways we can get rid of the language. â€Å"Police should start ticketing drivers who use the â€Å"F† word (or the correlating hand gesture)†¦The Motion Picture Association of America movie rating system should be overhauled to give an automatic NC-17 rating to any film that uses the â€Å"F† word even once. (Austin 8-9). Instead of just spreading the word, Austin thinks that we should take it into action. Actions are bigger than words. In the end, Austin concludes that we should reconsider using the word at all. â€Å"You can still use it as a punch line, if you like. You’ll just risk the freezing silence and icy glares now reserved for white people who use the â€Å"N† word in public. † (Austin 12). The reason why she says this is to make the readers feel warned or cautious about using it because it offends others around you.

Inclusive Education Essay Example

Inclusive Education Essay Example Inclusive Education Essay Inclusive Education Essay Harmonizing to Verma A ; Bagley. Equality has long been a major end of instruction around the universe. Equally early as 1948. Article 26 of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that. everyone has the right to education and education shall be free. at least at the simple and cardinal stages ( 2007. p. 3 ) . In relation to this statement. most authoritiess who are members of the United State have made significant attempts geared towards the realisation of this Universal Declaration of Human rights. There is a believable grounds to propose that educational investing on an person non merely profit the single personally ; in footings of their net incomes. but the society as a whole in both economic and societal countries ( Verma. A ; Bagley. 2007 ) . Inclusion is a doctrine that focuses on the procedure of seting the place. school and the larger society to suit individuals with diverse demands. All persons irrespective of their differences are accorded the chance to interact. drama. learn. work and see the feeling of belonging. Besides. they are besides allowed to develop in conformity with their possible and abilities. Inclusion hence. calls for assorted individuals to be to the full involved in all facets of life which include: instruction. employment. entree to information. determination doing procedure. community and domestic activities. recreational and societal activities. and entree to consumer goods and services such as electricity and clean H2O supply ( Hegarty. 1993 ) . Inclusion is about the followers: welcoming diverseness. profiting all ( scholars ) with or without particular demands. kids in or out of school who may experience excluded. supplying equal entree to instruction to all scholars. uninterrupted hunt to happening better ways of reacting to diverseness. designation and remotion of barriers to instruction. exciting creativeness and job resolution by all. scholars who risk marginalisation. exclusion and/or underachievement of all scholars. reforming schools and other establishments to guarantee that every kid receives quality and appropriate instruction within these schools. and holding a positive head set and get down seeing the possibilities instead than impossiblenesss. and eventually it is about bettering larning environment and supplying chances for all scholars to go successful in their acquisition experiences ( Hegarty. 1993 ) . Inclusive instruction is a doctrine that ensures that. schools. Centres of acquisition and other educatio nal scenes and systems are unfastened to all kids. This enables the scholars to be included in all facets of school-life. Harmonizing to UNESCO ( 2001 ) . Inclusive Education takes the Education For All docket preface. This is done by happening the ways of enabling schools to function all scholars in their communities as portion of an Inclusive Education. Therefore. an inclusive school includes scholars with assorted diversenesss and differentiates educational experiences to provide for the assorted diversenesss ( UNESCO. 2001 ) . The benefits of Inclusive Education include. all scholars learn and grow in the environment that they will finally populate and work. As engagement of those who are different takes root. all scholars and instructors gain the virtuousnesss of being suiting. accepting. patient and co-operative. Other kids gain some valuable virtuousnesss such as being considerate. patient and low as they support their equals with particular demands. It should besides be remembered that some kids with particular demands are every bit good gifted and hence other kids or scholars can every bit good profit organize them therefore. it is non merely the other manner unit of ammunition. Besides. Inclusive Education offers to the instructors. an chance to portion thoughts and cognition with each other. parent. and important others. therefore doing instruction a meaningful facet of mundane life. The besides develop their accomplishments and abilities when working as a squad to turn to the challenges. This may besides hike their position in the community. In add-on. Inclusive Education creates a school for all. where everybody benefits ensuing to an inclusive society. Further. the self-pride of kids who have particular demands in instruction is improved. Inclusive Education is cost effectual and gives equal chances to all kids. therefore advancing the right to all to instruction. Some of the concerns from the pedagogues about barrier to inclusion often include: the school factors which include schoolroom factors like hapless schoolroom agreement. pupil factors like negative attitudes of scholar with or without particular demands towards each other. teacher factor which might run from negative attitude towards scholars with particular demands to inadequate preparation on assorted facets of Inclusive Education. Harmonizing to Loreman. Deppeler A ; Harvey. Secondary instructors in Victoria. Australia. were found to miss the accomplishments required to modify course of study for kids with diverse abilities and were reported to be in pressing demand of preparation in this country in a survey conducted by Grbich and Sykes. ( 2005. p. 6 ) . Curriculum factor which. frequently. is largely stiff and some instructors lack the ability or knowhow to modify it ; hence. make non take into consideration the demands of the diverse scholars. There are sub- standard authorities schools. negative attitude on the portion of policy shapers towards instruction of kids with particular demands. particular instruction is at times planned on disablement degrees instead than on ability degrees. there is a correlativity between disablement and utmost poorness degrees ( Hegarty A ; Alur. 2002 ) . The other major concern is the support services and resource factors. Learners with particular demands require basic support servicers for larning to be effectual in an inclusive scene which are normally missing in most inclusive scene. Examples of support services that can be made available to these scholars include the undermentioned: resource suites which should be adequately resourced. itinerant services. proviso of educational resources relevant to their demands. parental support is besides really overriding. proficient support such as gestural linguistic communication translators and Braille translators. teacher-aides. peer support. physical therapy. counsel and guidance. occupational therapies. community support and eventually. proviso of needed equipment ( Daniels A ; Garner. 1999 ) . One of the major faltering blocks to inclusion prevarications in the fiscal agreement presently in topographic point. Funding agreements do non promote inclusion. and the job is non alone to England and Wales. The state of affairs is similar in USA ( Daniels A ; Garner 1999 p. 70 ) . Collaboration and community engagement is really of import. Lack of the same frequently hinders the procedure of inclusion. Collaboration and co mmunity engagement can be done through parental engagement. community engagement. partnership and networking. school direction engagement. synergistic relationships among the assorted stakeholders and place based programmes ( Hornby. 1995 ) . Some of the best patterns that might relieve the challenges faced in the pattern of Inclusive Education may be adopted from the rules of Inclusive Education. These are rules that govern the pattern of Inclusive Education. It calls for equalisation of chances for all scholars to see normal mainstream activities. while doing deliberate and appropriate steps to guarantee quality instruction for all. Besides. Inclusive Education calls for a kid centred course of study and the scholar to go to the school that he would of course travel to in his community if he had no particular demands. In add-on. it advocates for handiness to the acquisition procedure and course of study by all scholars by distinguishing the acquisition and appraisal procedure harmonizing to the learner’s demands ( Mitchell. 2007 ) . Furthermore. Inclusive Education addresses the demands of all scholars with seeable or unseeable larning troubles such as ocular. hearing. physical. rational. communicating. emotional and behavioral. mourning from HIV and AIDs. kid maltreatment. poorness. racism. undernourishment. emotional effects of war. divorce. household separation and life on streets. It besides recognises and caters for single differences in race. faith. abilities. disablements or fortunes are non seen as challenges but as resources. Inclusive Education besides plans for positive acquisition chances with support to scholars with particular demands as an built-in portion of the ordinary school. Even further. Inclusive Education requires alteration of negative attitude. negative behavior. learning methodological analysiss. course of study. and environments to run into the demands of all scholars. hence get the better ofing barriers to larning and development and eventually. Inclusive Education calls on particular demands instruction service suppliers to work closely with others within the community such as wellness and societal worker stressing bar and early intercession schemes to minimise the happening and the impact of disablements in the community. Decision In Inclusive Education. we endeavour to supply a comprehensive educational program that modifies the mainstream course of study to give maximal chance to kids with particular demands. kids who are marginalised. and kids who are vulnerable every bit good as those who are neglected ; in order for them to go productive members of the society. Developing positive attitude in parents. instructors. equals and the community at big towards the assorted classs of kids with particular demands ( Mitchell. 2007 ) . Supplying equal chances to all kids to portion cognition. resources and experiences. Proposing attacks and learning methodological analysiss to suit all kids in regular categories irrespective of their diversenesss or disablements. Developing and implementing a course of study that is all inclusive or flexible and accessible. Reaching the unapproachable kids and young persons within the regular instruction. Facilitating inclusion of kids in all facets of life. Identifying and minimising if non eliminating all barriers to larning and development. and eventually. minimising the effects of disablements on the kid ( Smith. 1998 ) .

Expository Essay on Depression

Expository Essay on Depression Expository Essay on Depression Even though depression entails one having sad feelings, it is actually a condition that is by far more than merely having some degree of sadness. This is because the magnitude of sadness that one feels when depressed is so intense, it may also be accompanied by numerous other symptoms. There are many types of depression, one of which is referred to as the major depressive disorder in clinical terms. This type of depression is serious because the individual is depressed for a large portion of a day, year-round. The symptoms for this depression include loss of interest in favorite activities and an unexplained gain or loss in weight. Insomnia, difficulty i falling asleep, is also one of the many symptoms. An individual who has a major depression is also more likely to feel like he or she is dissatisfied with all that life has to offer. The other symptoms of this condition include feeling very tired the entire day, even without having done any work, experiencing trouble when concentrating and in one trying to make decisions. Doctors usually diagnose this depression if a patient has suffered five or more symptoms, if the patient has been experiencing the aforementioned symptoms for a period of two or more weeks, and if one of the symptoms is the loss of interest in activities that the patient once found very interesting. Major depression can be treated with a mixture of therapy and medication or the taking of antidepressants. When these two methods of treatment do not work, some of the other treatment options that may be suggested by physicians include those of repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation and electro-convulsive therapy. These methods work by using magnetic fields to stimulate certain parts of the brain in order to help an individual to work better or even have better control of their moods. The other major type of depression is the persistent depressive disorder which is a type of depression that can last for at least two years. This type of depression has numerous symptoms which include a drastic change in one’s appetite where one eats too much food or not enough. This type of disorder also greatly affects an individual’s sleep patterns, either causing the patient to sleep too much or too little. An individual suffering from persistent depression also tends to be fatigued for most of the day and generally feel like he or she lacks energy to perform even the simplest of tasks. This lack of energy, in turn, causes the individual to experience low self-esteem and to generally develop a feeling of hopelessness. As we can see, depression is a serious condition that requires medical attention. If any of the symptoms occur, it is essential to consult a specialist to prevent a big issue. Our custom essay writing service can easily write your expository essay on depression from scratch. Just visit our companys website now!

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Response - Essay Example On the backs of the working poor Americas CEOs are raping the world economy. And on the other side, the military industrial complex is draining the blood and treasure from Americas economy. Why is it that Corporate keptocrats from Wall Street are able to keep their obscene bonuses, when ordinary hard working people are losing their homes because American businesses refuse to pay them a living wage. Repeatedly the subjects of the documentary were asked if they felt like failures. I should like to emphatically assure them that it is America that has failed them† (Moyers). This documentary depicts the true American face. The picture of successful and flourishing America that government uses to portray in front of the world is simply a disguise. Not only the migrants suffer from the inappropriate economic infrastructure of the country, but the local citizens of America also suffer from the same deprivation. The documentary clearly shows that both families were dedicated, hardworking and legally following government rules, but still they failed to make it in the end. The flaw was not with their efforts but the monetary infrastructure, economic downturn and government policies that are making rich richer and the poor poorer. As the commentator states, the world economy is completely occupied by America and the entire focus of American fiscal strategies is to spend on military ventures which result in shedding blood and wasting millions of lives. Thus, the American government policies and infrastructure is not intended to bring betterment in the lives of citizens, but only to enhance its power and authority. but we cant continue with the fiction that this is enough. We need to teach young people to 1) stay in school, 2) actually learn something, and 3) know something about financial literacy early in their lives. I wish Bill Moyers had just said this somewhere in this documentary. Only one of the children from these two families,

China as a threat to the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China as a threat to the US - Research Paper Example China has become so strong economically and militarily that it has caused debates to erupt regarding whether or not it would ever go into a war with other powerful countries in the world in genral and the US in particular. However, the fourth generation’s leadership in China considers nourishment of a peaceful environment its most sacred goal so that the Chinese people can be pulled out of poverty. The US has been facing the issue of dealing with a politically repressive yet economically rising China since the late 1990s. There have been frequent debates about the containment and engagement policies. China can be considered as a threat to the US because of a number of reasons that include but are not limited to â€Å"A RISING ECONOMIC POWER ARMED WITH A ONE-PARTY DICTATORSHIP AND INCREASING MILITARY CAPABILITIES, FEAR OF A COLLAPSE OF CHINA, AND THE VISIBLE STRENGTH OF CHINESE NATIONALISM† (Zhao 85). China is, indeed, a threat to the US on economic grounds. The main con cerns of the stakeholders and the policymakers in the US with respect to China include â€Å"CHINA’S EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN AN UNDERVALUED CURRENCY, ITS MIXED RECORD ON IMPLEMENTING ITS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) OBLIGATIONS, ITS RELATIVELY POOR RECORD ON PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR), AND ITS EXTENSIVE USE OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES† (Morrison para. 2).... In case the Sino-American tensions keep rising, the whole world in general and Asia in particular would be divided into a new cold war. If that happens, it would result in sustained growth of the prospects of conflict and confrontation thus posing threat to the growth of China’s economy. Alternately, â€Å"A DEEPENING U.S.-CHINA ENTENTE WOULD BRING WITH IT INCREASED POSSIBILITIES FOR STABLE, SUSTAINED WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC GROWTH, THE PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF OUTSTANDING REGIONAL DISPUTES, AND THE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF PRESSING GLOBAL PROBLEMS INCLUDING TERRORISM, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS† (Friedberg 36). China is likely to resuscitate as a threat to the US after the removal of the threat of terrorism because of her rapid economic growth. China understands that the major powers in the West are the driving forces behind the development of the current international system. China is very much likely to take measures to develop such internation al norms that address her own interests. Thus, it is very important for China to take a more active role in the creation of the new world order. Taking everything into consideration and visualizing the matter in a broader frame, it becomes apparent that â€Å"CHINA IS MORE LIKELY TO POSE A THREAT TO U.S. INTERESTS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA THAN TO U.S. GLOBAL INTERESTS, AT LEAST FOR MANY DECADES† (Ross and Feng 11). In spite of the fact that China poses threat to the US both economically and militarily since it is a nuclear power also, it is unlikely for China to erupt into a war with the US. War happens when the challenger that starts overtaking the dominant power is dissatisfied. The combination of overtaking, dissatisfaction, and parity happens to

Teen Prevention Programs Teen Prevention of Sex Research Paper

Teen Prevention Programs Teen Prevention of Sex - Research Paper Example The study involved a randomized sample of 8430 students between the ages of 13 and 15 from 25 schools in Scotland. The students were evenly divided into two groups: control and experimental groups. The experimental group consisted of students who participated in the SHARE program and the control group consisted of students who participated in the sex-education program. The research was built around a conceptual framework reported in the literature. A review of the literature indicates that previous studies report that conventional sex-education programs have functioned to improve the sexual behavior of teens. However, those studies were based on methodologies involving experimental groups rather than randomized trial samples. Thus this study was intended to use a randomized trial sample as a means of determining whether or not conventional sex-education provided a benefit over and above new programs that were specifically aimed at altering the risky sexual behavior of teens. The research methodology involved participating schools to either implement the SHARE program or to continue with the sex-education program. The students were administered a self-reporting questionnaire within six months the completion of the programs. A further follow-up questionnaire was conducted two years later. An evaluation was conducted to determine the authenticity of the programs. The evaluation took into account variables such as context, delivery and students’ responses to the programs. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in sexual behavior after the completion of both programs based on the follow-up questionnaire. Vastly similar numbers of members of both control and experimental groups reported being sexually active by the time the programs were half-way through. Similar numbers also reported using condoms as well as engaged in unprotected sex. However, for students in both groups that had withdrawn from the school, there

The effects of globalisation on healthcare

The effects of globalisation on healthcare The increased movement of both goods and people increases opportunities for the spread of disease around the world. There are also concerns about the following: potential public health problems due to market liberalisation, the emergence of new diseases globally and worsening of existing ones due to climate change and governmental oversight over economic policies that can affect spending on healthcare. International cooperation as a result of globalisation has also had a great impact on health practices in many countries including Europe. In this backdrop, as a healthcare management consultant working for an international organisation, you are asked to examine the implications and effects of globalisation on healthcare management. Identify the effects of globalisation on healthcare Globalization in a general view is causing profound and diverse myriad of changes in the very nature of the society which can bring new possibilities and risks as well. The effects of globalization in healthcare are creating a growing concern on the health of the citizenry. Globalization itself is an extremely complex phenomenon where there is the interactive and dynamic co-evaluation of multiple cultural, economic, technological m environmental and social norms and trends at various conceivable scales. According to Rennen and Martens (Rennen W, Martens P, 2003) , globalization is defined on a contemporary notion as an intensification of cross-national cultural, economic, political, social and technological interactions that lead to the establishment of transnational structures and the global integration of cultural, economic, environmental, political and social processes on global, supranational, national, regional and local levels. However, the identification of the possible effects of globalization on healthcare goes far and even beyond the current capacity of our mental ability to capture and decipher the dynamics of the global system that we are in. This may be due to the interdeterminacy and ignorance of what the global system itself is all about. Globalization has both positive and negative effects to health care. One of the major concerns by which healthcare is primarily affected by globalization is through the increasing and worsening of internationalization of various health risks. However, if you will have to define the terms and other dimensions of the health risks such us technological, economic, social, political and cultural as well as scientific aspects. The linkages between healthcare and globalization are quite complex. Globalization itself is a multifaceted phenomenon which can affect healthcare in various ways. According to Woodward et al, 2001 (Woodward D, Drager N, Beaglehole R, Lipson D ,2001), the consequences of globalization in health is that it can either be direct, at the level of the entire populations, individuals and various healthcare delivery systems, or indirect through the economy and other factors such as sanitation, water supply and education. With the complex and complicated depth of issues concerning the effects of globalization in healthcare, it is a must that we focus on the risks to health and the delivery of health care to people which are strongly related to the central core of aspects of the globalization process which include travel, trade and exchange of ideas and information. The liberalization of international trade policies has brought forth multilateral trade negotiations in the past 50 years which ended in the establishment of the World Trade Organization according to Bettcher et, 2000. (Bettcher DW, Yach D, Guindon E, 2000) We cannot deny that economic wise, increasing trade is highly beneficial. At the back of the economic advantages of globalization, the health risks of the people are highly magnified. The important examples of health risks are alcohol, tobacco and global epidemics, the development of non-communicable diseases as well as trade in health services. Globalization poses a lot of risks to healthcare but on the other hand, it can provide a myriad of benefits. The improvisation of information technology has dramatically and effectively increased the speed in exchange of information thereby facilitating the ease of data flow. The medical discoveries in various countries can be made readily available to patients from other countries, Wassenaar,2003 (Wassenaar, 2003). Globalization served as catalyst in hastening the links in medical researchers across the world who are working into one health concern. This was best exemplified by the response of the global community to SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). The internet served as the link between scientists working on global cooperation to impressively and rapidly identify SARS virus and the development of the diagnostic test. The rapid response of the global community to pandemics was a fruit if globalization, Gerberding,2003. (Gerberding JL, 2003). Globalization comes with an ounce of responsibility. It is imperative that governments and other international institution should work into the improvisation of healthcare and the proper management of the negative effects of global mobilization. WORD COUNT: 723 words NOTE: the references are included in the body of the text. Please read and be guided. Assess the influence of international institutions in healthcare settings As international borders are dissolved, people and commodities are at its optimum mobility which can create challenges to healthcare. These challenges concerning healthcare are not to be addressed by national governments alone. Otherwise, these concerns brought about by globalization to healthcare should be dealt with international institutions and organizations. The influence of the international institutions in various healthcare settings goes beyond the influence in the health practices among health professionals and providers. The government has made their step towards the achievement of their health goals towards international cooperation. Thus, it paved the way into the realization of health policies encompassing the various effects of globalization in terms of migration and social changes in norms and cultural practices related to health. One of the most effective ways of influencing the healthcare setting of a specific country is through the promulgation of various policies related to health. It is through the ratification and strong implementation of policies and guidelines which will foster the health and wellness of the citizenry. Global governance is said to be the act of giving more importance in the formulation of health related policies. The most important body or organization in the implementation and governance are the Wirkd Bank (WB) and World Health Organization (WHO). These are the most important figures in carrying out global governance regarding health. World Health Organization assumes the important roles of health in the economic development in reference to the Millennium Development Goals (UN Millennium Development Goals) The protection of the citizens against a myriad of health risks remains a daunting task. Though the health standards and practices are formulated, the growing number of public- private partnerships for the promotional of health related policies. WORD COUNT: 288 words Evaluate the impact of European Union membership on workplace health practices. A healthy citizenry is one of the major requirements for the prosperity and productivity of the economy. The fact is that the key factors into achieving economic growth include life expectancy, morbidity and mortality rate and the general health state of the population. It will be a major burden for a society to spend too much on health related problems. Thus, it will be logical enough to set health expenditures as the priority in terms of investment to promulgate the prevention and protection of the general health of the population. The European Union has significant impact on the health services delivery in the members of this international body. EU laws can have significant impact on the health care delivery system though the major attempts of national governments to keep their health care services. Moreover, infections and illnesses know no borders at all. Through the European Union, boarders across European countries have been considered non-existent. There is more room for doing business and travelling into other members of the Union. With active across the borders activities, people are more prone to pandemics. The laws pertaining to medical practices and healthcare settings across European countries are all based on the fact that the members of the European Union must provide added value most especially on the major health threats, issues which have a cross -border or international effect. Questions related to the free movement of services, people and goods should be addressed in order to get rid of possible development of diseases across countries. The common values on health care policies are more adopted towards the rights of the patients in terms of participation in their care and decision making as well as literacy in their own health. The health policies of the members of the European Union are geared towards the delivery of health to various age groups, race or social status. WORD COUNT: 311 ( Word count :1300 )Total Word Count 1322 Question 2 You are employed by Sahara Oil Company based in Qatar as their Occupational Health expert. The company produces and refines oil; it also explores gas deposits. There has not been a recent review of the environmental effects of the companys operations. You have responsibilities for the environmental health issues of Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. As well, one important responsibility you have been given is to be conversant with the impact of environmental legislation, directives and guidance and the processes that organisations need to adopt in order to provide health protection to the employees of the company, their families and the members of the local community who are affected by Sahara Oils operations in Qatar. 2.1 Identify the economics of adopting a policy of environmental awareness in heath care settings. The healthcare industry has underwent tremendous momentum in the attainment of sustainability trends. Environmental policies are of utmost values to the health care facilities across the global community. Green health care settings have sorted out their resource to incorporate environmentally friendly practices into the health care delivery system. The appeal to health care providers and institutions are for a myriad of reasons related to the awareness of the environmental responsibilities of their profession. Eco-friendly health care settings shall evolve to become a requirement rather than an option for those who are responsible enough. As environmental awareness and the advantages of environmentally friendly facilities and equipments in the health care sector start to spread and so the health care professionals are learning on how to adapt with their work environment. Green Health care offers the most potent way to safeguard and protect the welfare of Mother Nature. This is a compelling challenge especially those from the health care sector. However, through the promulgation of environmental policies in a health institution, it provides a new avenue for the exploration of leadership in the community. It is very cost efficient when you deal with the greening of health care settings more specifically its long term effects on the overhead expenditures. All of these rationales was brought to the attention of those who have attended a green health care workshop by the Institute of Medicine. The most compelling reasons why environmentally friendly policies and awareness campaigns in health care settings shall be done for the fact that most of the healthcare providers themselves believed in its potential to directly and indirectly promote and protect health. ( Institute of Medicine, 1999). The health benefits of environmental policies can operate in three scales: the locality, the entire community and the global communities around the world. The local scales shall include the walls of the hospital, facilities for research studies, clinics, construction of green structures, and the protection of visitors, workers and patients alike. According the Office of the Federal Environmental Executives, green building can be best defined in a myriad of ways green or sustainable building is the practice of designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, and removing buildings in ways that conserve natural resources and reduce pollution (OFEE, 2003). There are a lot of ways to on how to inculcate environmental advocacy in the practice in various healthcare settings. In choosing cleaning agents, the limited use of pesticides can greatly reduce the potential harm and toxicity for those who are exposed in substances. The reduction of ecological footprints by reducing the hazards placed by the hospital in terms of the environment and the protection of the natural resources can greatly help in the promotion of environmental responsibility in health care settings. The global community can help in the stewardship of scarce resources as well as the reduction of the degradation of the environment. A hospital which purchased food or supplies from the local sources are reducing the need for long distance transportation thereby results into the reduction of the associated green house gas emissions of vehicles. All of vehicular exhausts contribute to the climate change. 2.2. Assess the actions that need to be taken by organisations to maintain the environment. The petroleum industry has stated above is one of the contributors of waste products in the world. The process of refining petroleum is dubbed to be one of the most heavily regulated industries in the United States as stated by the DOE- OIT. (DOE-OIT, 2000, p. 1) In reference to the EPA fact sheet, there are several reinforcement actions for companies comprising the 30% domestic refining capability and the engaged settlement and negotiations of companies comprising the 20%. (EPA-Office of Compliance Sector Notebook for the Petroleum Refining Industry, 1995) Petroleum refining companies are dealing with the environmental impacts of their daily operations and responsible enough to regulate their impacts to nature. In the immediate future, the petroleum industry will most likely face pressures to seek the expansion of their capacity fast. What these companies should seek into is the management of potential regulatory consequences related to global warming. Eventually, the operations of this highly intense industry shall be strongly affected with the environmental advocacies they have in mind. Organizations related to health care sector are dubbed to be another major contributor in the waste production. Given the increased and intensified awareness of the environment and the financial costs which are strongly associated with waste products and the impact to public health, a lot of health institutions are adopting environmental policies which are to be practiced and observed as well as the reduction of waste product. The offer for equally efficient and effective alternatives should be at a less expensive price. The reprocessing of medical equipments are practiced by the general populace over the years. This has led to a lot of cost efficient savings for the improvement of health care services. Both the petroleum industry and the health care sector should aim on several things. The conditions were to construct high performance buildings at a consistent amount. There should be the application of shared scientific researches conducted by the hospital and the petroleum refining companies. To further strengthen the environmental advocacy, these industries and organizations shall seek to incorporate the green and environmental policies into their overall plan of improvement of communities and employees. What hospitals and health care settings is to reduce the pollution coming from vehicles. The hospital can utilize a hybrid engine or non diesel parking shuttle as well as public transportations. Carpooling can be an option for those who work in these industries. Other strategies to regulate the environmental impacts may include use of bike racks and electric hybrid cars. It was said that the health care industry have environmentally related practices but most are still on the look for viable options on how to manage their waste products. (Diconsiglio J. Reprocessing SUDs reduces waste, costs. Mater Manag Health Care. 2008) 2.3 Specify the measures that exist to improve workplace health and safety practices As a method of risk reduction for employees, a lot of companies over the past several decades have paved the way into the existence of work place health promotion programs. These programs for health promotion and safety practices have resulted in the reduction of absenteeism and tardiness, increased retention of employees and the reduction of health care costs as well as the satisfaction of its employees. There are a myriad of evidence that health promotion and programs for wellness have proven successful for employees and companies alike. When we speak about occupational safety, Occupational health and safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment (M.A. Farooqui, 2010) Work related accidents do not just happen without a cuse. Oftentimes they are brought about by the unsafe acts done by workers themselves due to unsafe working conditions. An oil spill for an instance is a bad results of an unsafe practice committed by petroleum refiners around the world. The reasons behind this unsafe occupation related acts would include inadequate work experience, poor knowledge of the task at hand or poor attitude towards their work and nature of task. Workers are not aware that they are continuing wrong procedures and work relatd activities due to the fact that they are not knowledgeable enough of what they do. The lack of enough knowledge primarily exists because of a myriad of reasons. An individual might do well on job routines under normal circumstances but when unusual changes and conditions arrive or they have been assigned to a challenging job , he person might most likely to make a mistake in his job that would lead to occupational related accidents. What organizations should do is to revitalize their occupational and work safety policies. Perhaps it would be useful for them to make specific steps in addressing the health and occupational safety needs of employees on all sectors of the workforce. Moreover, Safety and occupational health encompasses mental, social, physical well beings of the working population. To ensure the success of occupational safety and health practices of organization, it would require the participation and collaboration of the workers and employers alike in health and safety programs. It shall be brought to their knowledge that occupational health and safety policies are related to industrial hygiene, engineering safety, psychology, toxicology and occupational medicine. Issues on occupational health are often given less attention because safety issues are generally more challenging by nature. However, a healthy workplace is a safe place to work with by definition. Both of the health and safety issues must be addressed to achieve a successful occupational environment for workers. Awareness is the key to help in the promotion of occupational health and safety programs. Those programs must be visibile among workers and the active participation of employees will ensure the success of a program. Risk assessment of employees can be a beneficial strategy to safeguard the health of workers. Increasing the knowledge of employees is very essential to make lifestyle modification a successful approach to address health related issues. The awareness and knowledge of employees on the procedures will reinforce their knowledge. Teach your employees to identify the warning signs of medical issues as reported by a doctor. Wellness programs are important to make employees more active and optimistic at work. The entire being of a workers should be taken into consideration for occupational safety and health programs to be successful. Question 3 You have been appointed consultant to a pharmaceutical company in Mumbai that sources clinical trial contracts from abroad, especially the United States of America and western Europe. Because of its international operations, the work force of the company is also varied with employees from various countries around the world. You are asked to explore the issues that affect the companys operations in the current economic environment when implementing healthcare management practices. Analyse the responsibilities of organisations in improving work place health and safety. Employees in various occupations are being confronted with a myriad of hazards in their place of work. Safety and occupational health can address a wide range of workplace hazards from the insidious toxic fumes, noise, stress, heat and other accidents related to their job. The goal of all health and safety programs must be geared towards the attempt to solve the dilemmas related to the prevention of work-related accidents and diseases. The workplace of today are experiencing a rapid change and growth due to the presence of multitude of factors such as diversity, advancing technology and global workplace all affect the safety and occupational health conditions of various industries. International level firms must understand the real meaning if diversity at work and how to deal with the dynamic nature of the work force brought about by the globalization. Employers on the other hand, must be responsible enough to provide a safe working environment for all employees. This in accordance to the declaration made by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Good business and organizations must determine the hazards associated with the operations to protect their employees from being injured. The role of organizations in the improvement of safety and occupational health is through the careful preparation of their strategies in order to address and meet their obligations to make necessary risk assessments, place measures necessary for the health and safety of employees. The recommendations that organizations are making should be achieve on an action plan for the control or elimination of health and safety risks. There are specific things to consider when you want organizations to be responsible. Organizations should commission, organize and coordinate the risk assessment procedures among their employees. This is to ensure that the needs of those who are on the look for a safer workplace and healthy occupational environment. In order to ensure the absence of accidents among employees, they should demonstrate in their competency to show off their abilities, understand general team effort. It would not be too difficult to address these types of safety concerns. Organizations must ensure the proper coordination between assessors and the involvement of management and encouraged the workforce participation. Risk assessments must be done to properly address the health needs of employees. The monitoring of preventive and protective measures must be maintained. The essence of occupational health and safety is through the integrative model of management in the workplace. It must use a participatory problem solving approach in order to identify the promptly address the myriad of issues which are associated with disease prevention, health promotion, occupational hazard reduction and safety. The improvements of organizational and human resource management are ensured through the participation of both the employers and the workers themselves. Review approaches to the management of diversity in healthcare settings. Individuals can define diversity in various ways. The dynamic and changing demographics as well as the economics of the growing multicultural levels and the disparities in the health sector of the people who are from a myriad of diversity in terms of cultural background. The challenging diverse workforce has been one of the obstacles by which health care providers and institutions must address as a priority. However, health care professionals must then realize that the solutions on cultural diversity must go beyond the practices, customs, values and beliefs. Diversity can be defined in a broader sense with multiple dimensions. This includes the discussions on ethnic, racial and gender identities. The factors of generation, sexual orientation, physical ability, religion, family ,social status, political beliefs, professional background and a myriad of individual inclinations and affiliations. Moreover, each individual member of the healthcare team is unique. They have distinct personalities and temperaments which adds to the diversity of the health care settings. Williams and OReilly has reviewed 40 years of research on this topic. They have concluded that The consistent social categorization and attraction/similarity theories, the prevalence of the evidence has suggested that the diversity is most likely to impede the functioning of the group. This conclusion was shared in various focus groups on different venues. (Williams, K. Y., and C. A. OReilly III, 1998). The proponents of homogenization on the healthcare setting can impact the team performance. Diversity must highlight the significance of competence in culture and diversified management skills in order to bring out performances of the demographically diverse health care team. (Williams, K. Y., and C. A. OReilly III, 1998). According to Williams and OReilly (1998) and Maznevski (1994) , when there is proper leverage , health care diversity can really improve the performance of a group. (Maznevski, M. L, 1994) According to Oetzel (1998; 2001) the significance of group interdependence as well as the strong group process skills in the performance of demographically diverse groups. (Oetzel, J. G. 1998) Pelled, Eisenhardt, and Xin (1999) cited that those demographically diverse teams can work together over time the emotional conflict can triggered by interpersonal clashes lessened. (Pelled, L., K. Eisenhardt, and K. Xin. 1999) A study conducted on the nursing care team performance conducted by Dreachslin, Hunt, and Sprainer (1999; 2000) cited that the leadership style was the key to reduce the emotional conflict which is oftentimes present in demographically diverse groups. Team leaders of nurses who have encourages the participated in the discussions about the group of identities and race. Those nurse team leaders who can validate the various perspectives were successful in the defused negative emotional distraught. (Dreachslin, J., P. Hunt, and E. Sprainer. 1999) According to Hopkins, Hopkins, and Mallette (2001), the strategic diversity management was strongly associated with well grounded organizational commitment not only among leaders and managers of the same ethnicity and race but among those white male managers. (Hopkins, W. E., S. Hopkins, and P. Mallette, 2001) There is an urgent need to manage diversity in health care settings. Otherwise, the diversity in the demographics can interfere the functioning of the team thereby affecting their efficiency in the delivery of health care to their patients. A common denominator among groups must be identified due to the fact that similarity can give the team members the opportunity to deal with others. Health care leaders should invest in the professional development of their employees to help them manage their differences as individuals. There are a lot of elements to consider in order to improve the organizational and team decision approaches. The group-process and the enculturation of conflict -management skills, understanding of cultural difference, self awareness and the ability to validate their efforts towards the management of diversity. The effective approach to diversity in health care settings must seek balance between customization and homogenization in order to fully explore the benefits and the lessen cots of increasingly diverse workforce and patient population. It was cited by Kochan and colleagues (2003) on how important it is to manage diversity immediately. Another approach to diverse health care settings is to utilize a research based cultural competence and diversity assessment tool. This can be used as baseline data for evaluation of the performance of diversified health care team. Compare organisational approaches to ensuring positive policies of work place diversity. Diversity in the cultural background of health care professionals can be an issue in the workplace. This will require people from various cultural and beliefs background to work together. The broader definition of diversity is through the negative and positive organizational approaches to this type of workplace related issue. Chronic conflicts can result from every health care setting and workplace. A lot of health care organizations may have examined the culture in conflict. In order to discover these streams of conflicts may come from the multi-layered complex systems. This is to improve their own capacity for prevention of conflict, settlement, resolution and management. Diversity is often the subject of argument and debate. This is one of the negative side of diversity. The term instills the political meaning of diversity. Not all members of an organization value diversity. As a rule, there are a lot of people who are most comfortable with themselves. Emphasizing diversity this may undermine the comfort level. Diversity itself can breed various approached to practices and long lasting problems. There are individuals in a myriad of organizations which may cause trouble. Moreover, there are persons who have strong prejudice against a specific group that would rapidly change the demographics of the various members of the workforce which can impose as threat to diversity. One approach to diversity in health care setting can mirror the key business issues. It must include the implementation and development of a strategic plan which aims for the goals of diversity. The creation of specific methods to attain the goals and the identification of the resources can measure the impact of diversity in the organization. The cornerstones of strategic planning to diversity may include the proper education of associates regarding the issues of diversity to the increased awareness and ability to manage the relationships among health care staff, patients and clients. Organizations must learn on how to properly and effectively integrate diversity into the policies and practices of the health care organization. This is to help the staff in inculcating the significance of the goals towards diversity. The development of accountability among the organizations can support the diversity in all levels of the healthcare sector. Diversity management is a type of human resource management approach which has emerged in the United States which aims to value diversity. The diversity management of the Scandinavian Model has emerged from the critiques of the US model. Little research has been conducted on how to manage diversity which is enacted for health care organization. Healthcare instituti