Human Sexuality: Toys and Technology Essay

Throughout history, the concept of sexuality and what is deemed as normal within different societies has evolved constantly. Various social standards and expectations often play into how a culture will approach sexuality—what it entails, what its limits may be, or if it is even an appropriate topic of discussion (Davies, 1982, p. 1042). Evidently, no matter how liberal or relaxed a particular society may be, there are still certain areas of sexuality that are considered taboo such as the integration of technology (Rubin, 1989, p. 267). This pertains to the use of internet or film porn, vibrators, and other sex toys. While the use of technology for sexual purposes is widespread, there are still some apprehensions about it, and many are still uncomfortable with the concept of sex toys and pornography. Due to factors such as politics, religion, and cultural traditions, society still tends to classify the use of sexual accessories or entertainment as taboo; and this is indicative of how social norms influence one’s views and comfort level when it comes to sexual behavior. As political changes have altered the way in which society functions, so have they altered people’s views of sexuality. Consider the ancient Grecian times, during which sexuality and promiscuity were considered to be a normal part of everyday life. People treated sexual behavior in a relatively unabashed manner. When kingdoms and politics began to grow to be larger in scale, however, it had an inverse relationship to the presence of sexuality in society (Greenberg, 1988, p. 185). Sexual enjoyment began to be more repressed in an effort for politicians and rulers to control a group of people (Davies, 1982, p. 1032). Political movements also led to the promotion of chastity as well as the elimination of prostitution (Rubin, 1989, p. 68). Widespread political agendas essentially began implementing a new mindset and a new set of morals in society. Instead of sex being treated as a natural and acceptable part of life, the growth of politics determined sexual behavior as being immoral; and as time passed, it became a solid societal expectation that people should repress any animal-like sexual urges and avoid promiscuous behavior. At the very least, they should keep their sexual conduct private and refrain from discussing it with others. Aside from prostitution, masturbation was heavily discouraged (Rubin, 1989, p. 68). Even in today’s society, this mindset is still present. Many people, especially women, are uncomfortable with the concept of masturbation, let alone discussing it with others (Rubin, 1989, p. 282). With vibrators being one of the most popular masturbation accessories, the negative or awkward associations between the vibrators and the actual act of masturbation can be observed—that is, since masturbation is still considered by some to be taboo, vibrators and other sex toys are automatically put into the same category. Along with politics, religion has been a major influence in terms of how different cultures and societies perceive sexuality. When one considers the literal translation of the Bible, for example, the messages are clear and quite threatening. Those who violate what God declares to be the boundaries of sexuality are thought to be an â€Å"abomination†, and it even states that prostitutes should be stoned to death (Greenberg, 1988, p. 196). The enforcement of these beliefs within society was for the purpose of creating social boundaries in an effort to maintain ultimate control over a group of people (Davies, 1982, p. 060). If society followed a religious order, then immoral behavior would theoretically be minimized. Many cultures, especially in the Western world, therefore, adhered to the Christian-based ideals of sex (Rubin, 1989, p. 283). This philosophy says that sex has one sole purpose, which is procreation. The Bible also states that sex is intended to take place between a man and a woman, suggesting that masturbation is a sin (Rubin, 1989, p. 283). This explains why so many still frown upon sex toys, which are meant to enhance one’s sexual pleasure even if they are not having sex with another person. Religious texts, in general, have served to disassociate several aspects of sexuality with moral and ethical behavior (Davies, 1982, p. 1042). Not only is masturbation considered unethical, but so is watching pornography. The Bible does not only classify sexual deviancy with physical actions, but what one thinks about as well. If someone is watching pornography, they are thought of to be engaging in immoral behavior; and if they are married, then pornography is simply considered to be another form of cheating and disloyalty. Many couples today will choose to watch a porn video together in order to enhance their sex life, but it is still thought of as taboo and not often discussed amongst couples. Regardless of whether or not all people believe in a certain religion, it is clear that religion has affected society and how people perceive matters such as porn or masturbation—even if they are not aware of any religious influences. Together, politics and religion have introduced the concept that illicit sex is unethical (Rubin, 1989, p. 289). They have developed social traditions and standards, which includes laws against pornography and other sexual factors that are considered to be obscenities (Rubin, 1989, p. 289). It is now a normal standard in society that one has to be at least 18 years of age to rent or buy porn. In addition, adult entertainment has become its own thriving industry due to the laws that prohibit pornography from being viewed by the general public (Rubin, 1989, p. 290). Of course, separating the porn business from society is not necessarily a negative act, especially since children should not be exposed to such graphic themes and images. The fact that there are laws that ban porn and other forms of adult entertainment, however, add to society’s stigma when it comes to how porn is perceived. A porn video is not considered to be the same as a rated R movie that children under 17 cannot watch. It is thought of as a taboo movie that even adults think of as inappropriate or socially unacceptable (Davies, 1982, p. 1037). If there are laws required to regulate or even ban certain sexual acts—such as in certain states, where homosexual sodomy is illegal—then sexuality in general is considered criminal, and that it should be treated with caution (Rubin, 1989, p. 91). The criminalization of sexuality has essentially conditioned society to be apprehensive in how they engage in sexual acts and whether or not they make use of any available material or objects that were created to improve their experience. Although the use of vibrators has become increasingly population—especially after the hit TV show Sex and the City made the â€Å"Rampant Rabbit† vibrator so famous—it is still considered to be a rebellion against tradition (Davies, 1982, p. 1040). Perhaps this is why women who openly admit to using sex toys are still referred to as â€Å"new age† or â€Å"modern women†, even though vibrators and other toys have been available for so long. When one thinks of the traditional and socially acceptable form of sex, they will most likely think of a man and a woman who are probably married. Sex toys are typically not considered a â€Å"normal† part of intercourse; and many consider using vibrators as emasculating to men and traditional gender roles (Greenberg, 1988, p. 15). Sexual behavior is already thought to be lusty and risque. When additions like erotic toys are added, sex is thought to be that much more taboo (Greenberg, 1988, p. 224). This is because toys are basically an excess—that is, couples do not need vibrators in order to have intercourse. Even during masturbation, people do not require inanimate objects to engage in the act. According to Gayle Rubin (1989), there is also a sexual hierarchy in society that lists what is defined as normal sex (p. 282). Monogamy is one of the defining factors of â€Å"good† and â€Å"acceptable† sexual behavior; and since pornography is generally based on pure lust between two unmarried people, it is still not thought of as a normal form of sexual expression. The use of vibrators, especially for masturbation purposes, tends to be looked down upon as well, simply because it tends to cross traditional social boundaries (Davies, 1982, p. 1032). These boundaries imply that technology in general, when used for sexual acts, represents a lack of morals, ethics, and values (Rubin, 1989, p. 310). This, of course, is not the case. Although centuries have passed since Western society adopted religious and politically-based views on sexuality, people still cannot fully accept that objects like vibrators and porn films have become a normal part of sexual behavior. The attempt to regulate sexual behavior and influence how people approach their own personal sex lives is nothing more than an example of the desire for ultimate control (Greenberg, 1988, p. 238). Although there should be restrictions that protect children from adult content, this should not affect society’s comfort level when it comes to sex—after all, it is a natural behavior. Sex, in general, is simply taken too seriously in Western culture, and only causes unnecessary amounts of stress and anxiety on those who wish to deviate from the standardized ideal of sexual behavior (Rubin, 1989, p. 310). Vibrators and sex toys are nothing more than accessories for sexual acts, and pornography is merely an adult form of entertainment; but due to political, religious, and traditional forces, they are still considered to be sexual and social taboos.

Moral development perspective Essay

Moral development theories are also known as age theories or stage theories. They are also called eclectic theories to imply that ‘everything’ is capable of causing delinquency and therefore tightly linked to ‘evil causes evil fallacy’. According to Siegel (2004), theories of moral development may be divided into; latent trait theories and life course theories. According to the latent trait theory, delinquent behaviors are preset by a master trait present in an individual at birth. Such a behavior is expected to remain unchanged in the individual’s life time. According to the life course theory, deviance is a process that is dynamic and shaped by personal characteristics and his/her experiences within the society. Since human beings are social in nature, their behaviors influence the lies of one another, either positively or negatively. Moral development theories mainly emphasize on ethics (http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory06. htm; Hawkins J. D, 1996, pp. 150-245) According to neo-cognitive theory, the adolescence alienation process that is seen to be mysterious is to blame for delinquency. Though adolescence is a development stage, this theory is associated with pubertal biological developments in human beings making it more complex. Stanley hall developed six adolescence themes which a normal human being must possess. These include self definition, omni potentiality and estrangement within the society, socialization refusal, youth cultural celebration through rebellious solidarity, determination to change geographically and consciously and obsession in physique. The theory is also associated with three main path ways that indicate delinquency; authority conflict, overt and covert (http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory06. htm ; Hawkins J. D, 1996, pp. 150-245) According to Piaget’s theory on moral development, human beings go through four main stages in their lives. These are sensor motor, preoperational, concrete and formal. Once people are between 7 and 14 years, some find it hard to proceed to the next stage, formal stage, and as a result they become delinquents with dualistic morality. Such people only classify things right/wrong without further reasoning. Erickson gives a similar theory but different in that it comprises if eight stages where delinquents are said to be stuck in stage five (identity/identity-diffusion stage at the age between 12 and 18 years). At this stage, male delinquents are said to not to experience intimacy but identity while females experience the opposite. Delinquents according to this theory are yet to develop virtues of fidelity and those of self-worth. Kohlberg developed a similar theory but this theory was based on six stages of human development. According to Kohlberg, this theory is independent of age and the stages are as follows; punishment concern stage where individuals obey societal norms and avoid sanctions, individualistic stage where personal matters come first, interpersonal stage where the individual extends his/her concern to others, conscience concern stage where group concerns are valued, social contract concern stage where the individual is guided by the societal rights he/she is entitled to enjoy and finally the universal ethics concern where human kind justice principles become the guiding principle. Delinquents are usually said to be stuck in the first three stages with the most notorious at the first stage (http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory06. htm ; Hawkins J. D, 1996, pp. 150-245). According to these theories, the major causes of delinquency behaviors are ineffective parenting and poor socialization processes. If parents don’t provide a good parenting practice that is able to ensure the children grow up in a good environment free from negative influence, the child will eventually engage in criminal acts. The other socialization agents especially the family and learning institutions should also be at the fore front to monitor, counsel and advice children on matters that may lead to delinquency if not properly dealt with. It is important to realize that behaviors that are conduct disordered leads to failure and rejection by peer mates. An individual becomes depressed and as a result may likely engage in delinquent and antisocial behavior (http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory06. htm ; Hawkins J. D, 1996, pp. 50-245) References Hawkins J. D, (1996), DELINQUENCY AND CRIME: CURRENT THEORIES, Cambridge University Press, 150-245 MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME, Retrieved from http://www. apsu. edu/oconnort/crim/crimtheory06. htm on 6th June, 2009

How Important Are AP Scores for College Admissions?

As college admissions become increasingly competitive, any possible edge can seem like it might be the difference between a coveted acceptance or a dreaded rejection. Grades, standardized test scores, extracurriculars, and more may all seem to be the highest of stakes. When it comes to AP classes, you might wonder if this is the factor that might tip the college admissions game in your favor. In this post, we’ll outline just how important your AP classes are in college admissions, and the answer may surprise you. Do admissions committees even look at your scores? How much do they actually matter? To learn more, keep reading. Typically, AP scores don’t go on your college application. Because they don’t count towards your GPA or become a part of your transcript, there isn’t actually any place on the application where they are required. There is, however, a place on most college applications where you have the option to report these scores yourself. This process is called self-reporting. In this section, you can self-report any scores from standardized testing, including AP scores. To learn more about this section of your college application, see our post Do I Have to Self-Report My Test Scores? . Since this section of your application is optional, you do not have to report AP scores. In fact, if you choose to do so, you can also choose specifically which scores you submit. If you want to report AP scores, you should definitely report tests on which you received a five. While a single score of five on an AP exam isn’t necessarily impressive, a string of fives might help to set you apart from other candidates. A score of four is less impressive, but it still shows a relatively strong understanding of the material. Fours are usually neither favorable nor unfavorable when you report them on an application. At less selective schools, a variety of fours and fives will set you apart. Scores of three or lower aren’t usually enough to give you any edge in admissions and might even have an negative impact on your application. These are best left off when you self-report your scores. Ultimately, you should be prepared for the admissions committee to review everything on your college application, including self-reported scores. While they may not be as important as other required portions of the application, they may sometimes serve to set you apart when admissions committees need to choose between two or more applicants. The weight given to your AP scores will vary depending on a number of different factors. In general though, you should not consider AP scores as a make it or break it factor in your admissions process. That being said, at very selective schools, admissions committees always receive applicants from far more qualified students than they have places for in the incoming class. Due to this high level of competition, successful applicants will need to distinguish themselves in highly recognizable ways. A series of perfect AP scores can be one example of your academic prowess. If you are applying to a general studies program, you can show your ability to achieve across multiple subject areas by scoring well on a variety of AP exams. Likewise, if you’re applying to a specialized program or under a specific major, you can demonstrate your level of knowledge in that field by submitting the corresponding AP scores. On the other hand, if you choose to report scores that are unimpressive, they could just as easily count against you in a competitive admissions process. Given the choice between two similar candidates, an admissions committee is probably more likely to select those who submit high scores or no scores at all, rather than students who submit dismal ones. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. AP test scores are not generally a highly weighted component of your college application, but if you choose to submit them, they will generally be reviewed by the admissions committee. The amount of weight they are given will vary by school, and in general the more competitive the admissions process is, the more these smaller factors might play a role in distinguishing between similar candidates. Just because AP scores are not necessarily a primary factor on college applications does not mean that AP classes are unimportant. In fact, at many selective colleges, you need to take the most challenging courses available at your high school in order to be considered a serious applicant. In many cases this means taking AP classes if they are available at your school. While your score on the AP exam might not be reported, your grade in these classes definitely is, and your GPA is generally a primary factor on your college application. Remember, AP classes are designed to be college level work, so your performance in them is indicative of your ability to perform at the college level. Furthermore, if you score well on your AP exams, you may be able to earn college credit or place out of lower level prerequisites when you start college. These policies vary from school to school but in general you can them available on the school website. Specific regulations can be found here . To learn more about AP classes and course selection in general, see these posts: If you want to ensure that you’re on track for college admissions success or would like some help with class selection, consider the benefits of the Near Peer Mentorship Program , which provides access to practical advice on topics from college admissions to career aspirations, all from successful college students.

Choose any country, assess its current macroeconomic position and Essay

Choose any country, assess its current macroeconomic position and discuss what policy options might be adopted (or have been ado - Essay Example This is translated in the macro level as the economy’s total income and total expenditure. GDP measures both the income of the people in the economy and expenditure in the form of consumption, investment, government purchases and net exports. We can assess the economic performance of United Kingdom (UK) using the economic indicators mentioned above. We begin with analysis of the trend in UK’s GDP. There were rises and falls in UK’s GDP as results of the economic fluctuations over the years but the latest figures in its trends reveal the positive position of UK. The UK figures show that GDP on a comparable basis (constant basic prices) grew by 0.5 per cent in the year to end-September 2010 and grew by 0.7 per cent in the third quarter of 2010 (www.scotland.gov.uk 2011). These figures are the results of the experienced increase in both services and construction sectors, 0.6 % and 1.6% respectively and the fall in production sector by 0.4 %. This trend was presented in Figure 1. FIGURE 1. UK GDP GROWTH RATE (2000-2010) In this graph, UK’s GDP was positive from year 2000 up to the first quarter of 2008 and started to register negative growth rates in the second quarter of 2008. There was a negative GDP gap as the actual GDP was less than the potential output. This was the same year when the global recession hits most countries around the world. Recession is one of the economic fluctuations that economies have to face and pass through because failure to do so will cause economic depression. It is a period of declining real GDP, accompanied by lower real income and higher unemployment. UK is one of the affected economies by the recent global crisis. The effects were seen and felt by everyone in the economy. The findings of a survey of almost 5,000 small, medium and large businesses suggested that UK faced a serious risk of recession within months (BBC 2008). Major businesses reported fall in their production and sales. Firms particularly i n the manufacturing and services sector have experienced serious cash-flow problems as results of the lowest levels of sales and orders, job expectations and confidence hit. Both consumers and firms were losing confidence in the recovery of the economy. This made them to hold on tight to their money and refrain from spending, making the consumption and investment level very low. We all know from our circular flow of economic activities that expenditures on buyers purchases and consumption will be the income of sellers of products and providers of services. The effects of the changes in consumption behavior of the households were extended to the producers. House builders has to cut their jobs and reported that completion of their house sales fell. The services firms like restaurants, gyms and tour operators were also hard hit by the decrease in consumption level of the households. The low volumes of production and sales of the businesses caused the real income to fall and contributed to higher inflation rate (Friedman and Schwartz 1982, p.253). More firms have decided stop their production activities because the present condition won’

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) Term Paper

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) - Term Paper Example A sixty-year old man has decided to stop treatment for lung cancer and just wait for his death. The patient already received chemotherapy, but his conditions continued to worsen. His kidneys are failing too. The patient, relatives, and health care staff have acknowledged the imminence of death. Specifically, the patient and his/her relatives understand that they will no longer prolong life and they will only wait for their patient’s natural course of death. Second, the doctors and nurses have consulted the patient and kin for the advance end-of-life care plan, where the symptoms’ relief is outlined. The plan also integrates psychological, social, practical, and spiritual aspects of patient care in planning for end-of-life care. Since the patient is Catholic, he already listens to Bible readings every day and receives visits from a priest. Third, the plan includes providing a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and their own bereave ment. This includes counseling for the family and preparing them for the patient’s death. Finally, there should be a clear system of transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. If the patient signs a do-not-resuscitate order, the relatives should respect this decision, no matter how hard it is for them to let go.

POST WAR FILMS Wings of Desire etcc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

POST WAR FILMS Wings of Desire etcc - Term Paper Example The movie fantasy genre is based on the build up the movie was awarded being that the characters are angels who are some of the major characters in the film. The romance genre in the movie has been brought forth by the relationship established from the angel characters in the movie. Through the comparison with other related movies, the cinematic techniques in the movie this paper will bring out the historical back ground of the movie and the aesthetic aspects that builds up from the character relations within the movie and the related movies. From the background of the prior films that have been done by Wim Wanders, a number of those have been awarded both the English and the German titles. These include such movie as the ‘Reverse angle’ and the ‘Room 666’. From such movies, Wim Wanders acquired the experience of using the German setting in his movies which he later came to transfer to the movie Wings of desire. In relation to the cinematography techniques t hat have been appealed in the movie, one can clearly relate the experience gained by Wim from the prior movies as the plat form and foundation of the experience. There are certain techniques that can be said to have been reveled in relation to the cinematography techniques. ... Another aspect that can be said to appeal to the nature of the movie is that the movie is a Franco-German movie. This is a special alliance that came in place after the Second World War, at this time, the enmity that existed between France and Germany ended. The movie basis The movie basically embodies a story between angel and mortals, the director then award the angels a characteristic that they are invisible. Ideally, the angels are comfort givers for the families in Berlin. The two angels in the movie are unseen to the humans who from their side are able to see. The angels listen to the thoughts of the people and then offer them comfort. From the movie plot there are settings which establish and breaks down the movie main plot and the sub plot. The main plot of the movie is centered on the relationship that is established from Daniel’s desire to be with the beautiful trapeze girl who he fall in love with deeply and starts allowing the considerations of turning to human so as to be with her. The romantic theme is established further in the relationship between Damiel and Marion. This is brought out by the fact that the two aspire to be with each other, the barrier between them that is the mortality of Marion and the immortality of Damiel is equally significant as it build up most parts of the movie plot. Damiel aspires to be mortal as he wishes and longs for the things that the mortals undertake in the likeness of the human sensory pleasures and the touch of a loved one. Marion on the other hand also wishes she was immortal which she clearly bring out in her Cinematography techniques One of the most significant techniques that are used in the movie is the use

Keynesianism as Crisis Management Strategy Essay

Keynesianism as Crisis Management Strategy - Essay Example He went to India for work, after completing his graduation. He earned fellowship of King's college due to his work on dissertation. In the year 1908 he returned back to Cambridge from India by quiting his civil service job. After leaving the job Keynes joined the Treasury (Davidson, 2007). His first published book was "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" in which he abundantly criticized the wars and forecasted about the German revenge. That particular book became the best selling book of its time and made Keynes world famous (Davidson, 2007). Keynes known work was "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" which was published in the year 1936, in which he elaborated about the employment and the causes of underestimated or overestimated the interest rates and its impact on the economy, which eventually became the yardstick for the future economic thoughts. Due to his great work he was awarded as the 'Most Influential Economist' of Britain which motivated him to join the country's treasury again in 1942. He played a decisive role during the world war which always secures his name as a great economist (Samuelson, 2002). Keynes put forward the main causes of depression in order to tackle with the hazards and symptoms of the depression. Keynes introduced the theory of liquidity preference framework, which is known as "Keynesian Liquidity Preference Framework", which defines the people's intentions and desire to hold the money in cash or in redeemable assets. According to Keynes, income can be categorized into three broad terms which are defined in his liquidity preference framework. Cash to Cash Precautionary Speculative Keynes defines the concept of high money supply and high savings, and related his topic with the unemployment rate and increasing economy of the country. As per him, money must not be hoarded and it must be rolled over which eventually induces the investment graph of the country to rise (Begg, 1998). He intimated that no doubt that the high supply of money condenses the unemployment rate but on the contrary it will hike the inflation rate up to an optimal level, let say if every American becomes a millionaire after a number of printing of treasury in Federal Reserve Bank (FED), then there will be no servant or worker left to do biddings which urges the nation to hire people from outside the country on high salaries and wages which ultimately influences the inflation rate to rise. So, persistently sending the money can be the remedy to overcome these circumstances, which is known as the best cure of recession. Keynes said that if a "Liquidity Gap" occurs in the economy of the country then the country badly plunges. A liquidity gap occurs when the people of the country are reluctant to invest and willing to hoard the money rather than spending, which is mainly due to the consumers loss of confidence on the economy probably due to the stock market crash or the prevailing situation in the country. Hurricane and other natural disasters can be a cause which hampered between the consumer spending and savings. The concept of

Sasol Company Market Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sasol Company Market Analysis - Term Paper Example The strong South African economy provides growing, profitable home market for Sasol. In the stock market, Sasol offers a solid dividend and the stock currently yields a hefty 4.59%. Though recent markets are not satisfying the investors, Sasol is relatively volatile. Though there is fall of oil prices, Sasol probably offers much to its investors. Government regulations and policies also affect Sasol’s marketing. The currency devaluation of Rand has a strong impact on the strategies of Sasol. â€Å"Customers receive a further R1.25 preferential procurement recognition for each R1 they spend with the Sasol Group of Companies.† (â€Å"BEE certificate†). In addition, the political interruptions in pricing decisions, due to the elections, drive the market of oil industry. The increase of taxes and lowering of synfuel subsidies by the government probably affect the product marketing which in turn affects the revenue of the company. Thus, Sasol has to take necessary mea sures to sustain among these regulations of the policies. Black empowerment companies enjoy better benefits as the government insists on 25% indigenous participation to its value chain. (â€Å"BEE certificate†). Sasol, being a BEE verified enterprise, commits to promote and enhance African empowerment. The environmental issues are yet another phenomenon that affects the company’s marketing, particularly from the perspective of social responsibility. Some of the major environmental issues that affect Sasol are pollution.... In addition, the political interruptions in pricing decisions, due to the elections, drive the market of oil industry. The increase of taxes and lowering of synfuel subsidies by the government probably affect the product marketing which in turn affects the revenue of the company. Thus, Sasol has to take necessary measures to sustain among these regulations of the government policies. Black empowerment companies enjoy better benefits as the government insists on 25% indigenous participation to its value chain. (â€Å"BEE certificate†). Sasol, being a BEE verified enterprise, commits to promote and enhance African empowerment. The environmental issues are yet another phenomenon that affects the company’s marketing, particularly from the perspective of social responsibility. Some of the major environmental issues that affect Sasol are pollution created by refineries, introduction of eco-friendly fuels, oil spills, GHG emissions and more. Though Sasol has taken alternative measures for producing fuels, these methods also tend to emit a considerable amount of GHG and lead to pollution of the environment. PEST Analysis: Political: Regulations from the government regarding taxes Political instability Lowering synfuel subsidies Economic: Currency volatility in South Africa Persistent inflation in input cost Price fluctuations of the global market Strong African economy Social: Strikes in African mines Limited access of labor in the local environment Providing employment opportunities on racial lines Technical: Expanding its Gas-To-Liquid (GTL) and Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) technologies for producing fuel Growing chemical portfolio and

A factual cyber atack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A factual cyber atack - Essay Example Some of the cyber crimes are much related to the actual crimes: frauds, thefts, etc. However, modern theory suggests that keeping illegal data on a computer is also a type of cyber crime (â€Å"What is Cyber Crime?†). As per the FBI reports, the United States military networks were penetrated by the Chinese hackers in 2004. The attackers accessed the US military networks and breached the security systems (Thornburgh). The set of codes assembled by the attackers was named the â€Å"Titan rain† (Thornburgh). The attack was discovered by â€Å"Shawn Carpenter†, who was on a secret job at that time. He discovered the set of codes while going through the network codes. The attackers tried to access the sensitive networks as those at Lockheed (Thornburgh). These attacks were supposed to be supported by the Chinese government but no particular evidence showed the fact, and Chinese government neglected the charge. On the other hand, there is a need to respond immediately to stop any more infiltration. The important concern is finding the severity of the attack and how much damage it did to the networks. The attackers could access the information, could make alteration in the information and the associated networks and could prevent certain permitted users to access the network. On the other hand, the important concern was that the corrupt programs might attack the certain hardware and might so influence the system that it will work improperly a great while (Thornburgh). The attackers made a silent escape all the time. The secret information was first converted to ZIP format and then sent immediately to China. The person who discovered the attackers, ‘Carpenter’, thinks that no such planned and rapid attack has happened in the past. In the US Time magazine, Carpenter says, â€Å"Most hackers, if they actually get into a government network, get excited and make mistakes, not these guys. They never hit a wrong key†

Food Intake Journal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food Intake Journal Paper - Essay Example My daily protein intake is less than the recommended amount per day. To increase the percent of the proteins in my total daily calorie intake I have to consume protein rich food. For example, healthy and good sources of proteins are seafood, lean meat, poultry, eggs, low fat dairy products. It is better to increase the amount of plant sources of proteins such as beans, lentils, unsalted nuts and seeds. But, my daily carbohydrate intake is higher than the recommended amount. I consume the increased amount of sugar – sweetened beverages, refined grain products and desserts that contains high amount of unhealthy simple carbohydrates. I have to limit the amount of consumed fast- acting carbohydrates that include high amount of sugar and substitute them with complex carbohydrates such as whole grain breads and pastas, fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds and legumes. My daily food includes higher amounts of incomplete proteins as I eat seeds, nuts, and peas. It is quite important to increase the amount of complementary proteins as they consist of all essential amino acids needed to build up new proteins in our body. I can combine different incomplete proteins in one meal to create complete proteins. For example, nuts with legumes, grains with legumes, dairy products with seeds, grains with dairy products. Proper nutrition is quite important part of human well being. Our body required normal amount of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water to maintain all important life functions. Healthy balanced nutrition has a lot of advantages for our organism as it gives us energy and vitality, help to maintain normal weight, improve the work of our immune system and protect us from different dangerous diseases such as heart, gallbladder disease, diabetes etc. Lack of proteins in daily food intake can impair normal functioning of the immune system and bone work, provoke muscle wasting.

The literature relating to Effects of Internet Essay Example for Free

The literature relating to Effects of Internet Essay This chapter discusses the literature relating to Effects of Internet use and Internet Addiction (IA). The first section introduces the background of the Internet and identifies the prevalence of IA. The second section discusses the definitions of addiction and their relevance to IA. Background of the Internet The Internet was established in the early 1960s and subsequently became a mainstream communication vehicle (Moschovitis, Polle, Schuyler, Senft, 1999; Schneider, et al., 2006). Since that time, there has been remarkable growth in the Internet‟s functionality, capacity, accessibility and convenience. These improvements have encouraged more people to use it more often, and it has become a powerful application in modern society. As of 2010, 28.7% of the worlds population used Internet services (Internet World Stats, 2010b). The Internet is a massive, computer-linked network system used globally to access and convey information, either by personal or business computer users; it is also used for communication, research, entertainment, education and business transactions (Kraut, et al., 1998; Schneider, et al., 2006). Today, the Internet can link all online computers so that people can use it to communicate throughout the world (Schneider, et al., 2006). Prevalence of IA. The prevalence of IA has been examined in many countries among school student cohorts (see Table 2.1). IA has been reported at a wide range of rates, from a low of 1% in Greece (Tsitsika, et al., 2009) to a high of 36.7% in Italy (Milani, et al., 2009). Most research has reported a prevalence rate 10% or less, for example, 1.6% in South Korea (Kima et al., 2006), 2% in Norway (Johansson Gà ¶testam, 2004), 2.4% in China (Cao Su, 2006), 4% in South Korea (Lee, et al., 2007), 4.6% in Australia (Thomas Martin, 2010), 6% in Poland (Zboralski, et al., 2009), and 7.1% in China (Lang, Jia, Li, Su, 2008). However, a few studies have reported a high prevalence rate of IA among students, for example, 10.7% in South Korea  (Park, Kim, Cho, 2008), 10.8% in China (Lam, et al., 2009), 18.2% in Taiwan (Ko, et al., 2007), and 36.7% in Italy (Milani, et al., 2009). Internet addiction. The first study of IA was conducted by Young (1996), who reported that 79.88% of 496 general Internet users were classified as Internet dependents, using the 24 Diagnostic Questionnaire DQ via email and telephone survey. IA has increasingly been recognized as a potential problem since the introduction of the term by Goldberg in 1996 (Marshall, 1999). While different approaches to different addictions fill the literature, essentially the same ideas about addiction and many of the same behaviours are being described, whether it is substance dependence, pathological gambling, or technology addiction, (Horvath, 2004; McIlwraith, et al., 1991). IA has generally been defined as an inability to control the use of the Internet, causing psychological, social, family, school and work impairment (Davis, 2001; Young Rogers, 1998). However, the terminology or labels for IA are inconsistent in the literature. This study uses the term IA to encompass all the various terms used in the literature. As yet, there are no standard diagnostic criteria for IA agreed upon in the literature. Nevertheless, most researchers acknowledge the existence of IA. As Griffiths (1998) noted, â€Å"Excessive use of the Internet may not be problematic in most cases but the limited case study evidence suggests that for some individuals, excessive Internet use is a real addiction and of genuine concern† (p. 73). Researchers have also tried to develop an accurate assessment tool in order to diagnose IA. For example, a well known assessment tool to classify IA was introduced by Young (1996) in the form of an eight-item Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQ) which was based on pathological gambling criteria. The DQ utilizes a set of yes/no questions regarding preoccupation with the Internet, the amount of time spent on the Internet, and the negative impacts of the Internet use. Since the introduction of Young’s instrument (Young, 1996), several other assessment tools have been developed.

Competition in Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Competition in Energy Drinks Essay 1. What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment are essentially the expansion of the market for alternative beverages by introducing energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin drinks in international markets, and increasing the market size of alternative beverages by extending current product lines and developing new products. Numerous factors affect the achievement of this strategy and they include: Size of the Market: It is without question that the global beverage industry is a large one, with the dollar value of the market being $1581. 7 billion in 2009 and volume sales (in billions of liters) being $458. 30. Regarding the distribution of sales in regards to beverage type, carbonated soft drinks came on top with 12,919. 3 (millions of gallons) being sold and leading to a market share of 48. 2%. Next in volume of sales was bottled water with a sales volume of 8,435. 3 and 29. 2% market share. Fruit beverage sales were 3,579. 2 and a market share of 12. 4%. In the alternative beverage category, sports drinks sales were 1,157. 8 and a market share of 4%, ready-to-drink tea sales were 901. 4 with a market share of 3. 1%, flavored or enhanced water sales were 460 with a market share of 1. 6%, energy drink sales volumes were 354. 5 with a market share of 1. 2%, and ready-to-drink coffee sales volume was 51. 5 with a market share of 0. 2%. In 2009, the industry worldwide sales of alternative beverages were 40. 2 billion, with sales in the US accounting for 42. 3% of the sales. Asia-Pacific accounted for 31. 5%, Europe 22. 2%, and the Americas (excluding the US) 4%. Growth Rate: There has been a steady growth in the value of the global beverage industry over the years. Between the years 2005 and 2009, there has been a constant increase in the dollar value of sales, and this increase has also been forecasted between the years 2010 and 2014. Regarding the alternate beverages, we see an increase in sales over the years that even surpasses that of the global beverage industry. Market Segmentation: The market for global alternative drinks has been in existence for a while, and beverages have been chosen and selected into groups based on the type of products. The different groups include sports drinks, energy drinks, vitamin-enhanced beverages, and relaxation drinks, with comfort and relaxation been of utmost importance to the consumer. In 2009, the alternative beverage drink with the most sales was sports drinks with sales of nearly 60%. Vitamin enhanced followed in sales by 23% and energy drinks came closely behind with sales of18% during that same year. Scope of Competition: The major worldwide producers of beverages are Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and Red Bull. There are also smaller companies in the same industry, by their production do not compare to the three major companies. Among the most important competitive features of the alternative beverage industry include product innovation, efficient distribution systems, and distinct differentiation. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? Competition in the alternative beverage industry is in favor of the three major producers, especially Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Since their alternative beverage product offerings are numerous, and they supply to grocery stores, convenience stores etc. who have a high demand for their products, they avoid vulnerability to buyer leverage and always have shelve space in these channels. Of the five competitive forces, the intensity of competitive rivalry among the sellers of alternative beverages is the strongest. Bargaining power and buyer leverage are also among the strongest. Individuals who purchased the alternative beverages for convenience stores, grocery stores and wholesale clubs have the advantage of negotiating prices with the producers of the alternative beverages because of the fact that they are purchasing such large quantities of the products. Even though the majority of energy drinks were purchased in convenience stores, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages were also available in most delis and restaurants and were also sometimes sold at sporting events and in vending machines. The weakest competitive force in the alternative beverage industry appears to be the bargaining power and leverage of sellers. Due to the fact that there are many suppliers in this niche, the competition is quite intense it becomes important to have features such as ingredients, more attractive packaging etc.to differentiate them from other brands. The competitive force that seems to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and potential profitability of new entrants is the threat of new competition. Since the alternative beverage industry is a very lucrative one and tends to carry high price points, this profitability becomes very attractive to new entrants because of the possibility of being able to achieve success in the industry. 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? The market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages has changed a lot over the years and will continue to see changes well into the future. The underlying drivers of change include changes in growth rate (decrease) and innovation. Worldwide dollar sales of alternative beverages grew by more that 13% annually between the year 2005 and 2007, however, it slowed down to about 6% between 2007 and 2009. One might argue that the reason for this decline is the impact the ongoing recession has on the beverage industry. Beverage producers continue to maintain their optimism for the industry regarding future prospects that will be brought to fruition by innovation in brands, flavors, and formulations. These are the facets that they believe will support their premium pricing and volume increases. 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? The strategic group map shows the leading alternative drink producers competing both geographically and in regards to variety of drinks offered, there are therefore the strategic groups in the best positions. The alternative drink companies are not only competing domestically, but in an international scale as well. Hansen Natural, the producers of Monster energy drink, who splits distribution of it’s energy drinks between Anheuser-Busch and Coca-Cola is not only successful in the United States, but in Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Monaco. The company has also entered agreements to have its beverages available in Mexico and Australia. In a similar fashion, Rockstar has been able to venture internationally by having its products distributed by PepsiCo in foreign countries. The countries Rockstar is currently being distributed are Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Finland, Spin, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In a similar fashion as the aforementioned alternative drink producers, Red Bull also has a brand presence both domestically and internationally, specifically in Europe and the Americas. The strategic groups in the worst positions appear to be those companies with a single brand e. g. , ViB, Dream Water, etc. operating solely domestically. With the amount of competition in the market currently, it does not appear that these company will fare well in the long-term. 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? There are three key factors that determine the success of alternative beverage producers and they include: Access to distribution In order for the alternative beverages to achieve the sales volumes that its producer desires, it first has to be widely available in stores on a consistent basis. With brand popularity comes the advantage of having a product readily available on store shelves. Innovation With competition being as tight as it is in the alternative beverage industry, innovation is of utmost importance because it sets a product or a company aside for its competitors. Innovation can be achieved by entering into different product lines or creating completely different categories of alternative beverages. Brand image A company’s image is very important when it pertains to competing in whatever industry it does business in. Choosing the right image to portray in advertisement, marketing, etc. could possibly be what retains customer loyalty, or sways a customer’s decision to purchase their product over that of a rival. 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? To PepsiCo? To Red Bull GmbH? Since it is apparent that Coca-Cola is growing at a much slower pace that its competitors in the alternative beverage market, I recommend that it take building brand image and continual innovation and new product development into consideration. Portraying the right image in advertisement and marketing could lead to retention in customer loyalty and regaining lost market share. Since PepsiCo is ranked number one worldwide for the sale of alternative beverages, with it’s best-selling alternative beverages including Gatorade, which held a 75% share of it’s 1. 57 billion US sports drink market, Propel, SoBe Lifewater, Amp Energy drinks, and No Fear energy drinks, I would recommend that the company continue to build upon this ranking by taking the necessary steps to boost their brand image. I would also recommend that PepsiCo include energy shots to it’s product line-up to further boost sales. There is no doubt that Red Bull GmbH has found its niche in the alternative beverage market as the world’s number one seller of energy drinks, making it the third-largest producer of alternative beverages worldwide and the number two seller of alternative beverages in the US and Europe. To continue it’s growth in the US and Europe, I will recommend that the company continue to innovate and develop new products. I will also recommend that in order to further solidify the Red Bull brand, they should venture into production of he other types of alternative beverages. References Gamble, J. (2008). Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Boston: Harvard Business Publishing.

Yield Management In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Yield Management In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Yield management was practice over the last fifteen to twenty years. According to Kimes, the yield management principle was first developed in the airline industry. Yield management systems primarily used in service industries like hotels, restaurants, airlines, train. Generally, companies used yield management systems to maximize their revenue or yield. Smith, Leimkhuler, Darrow Samules (1992) defined yield management as a sophisticated form of managing supply and demand by acting at the same time on price and on available capacity. It is the best way to propose the best service on the best customer with the best price and at the best moment. According to Kimes (2002), yield management is methods that can help a firm sell the right inventory to the right customer at the right time for the right price. So, yield management can be defined as an approach to sell the same product at the same time to the customers by charging different prices. Yield management in hotel industry was evolved over the last ten years and many authors (Evangelista, 1999; Novelli, Schmitz Spencer, 2006) confirm that there is a notable tendency to use new technologies in hotel industry. Yield management in hotel industry is concerned about the number of rooms that should be sold and at what price should be charge to customers. The objective of using yield management in hotel industry is to maximizing revenue per every available room. Jaucey, Mitchell Slamet (1995) stated that yield management is an integrated, continuous and systematic approach to maximizing room revenue through the manipulation of room rates in response to forecasted patterns of demand. They suggest that yield management requires a close analysis of historical information to predict customers demand. Yield management is suitable to use in hotel industry because it fulfill some characteristics of these system. According to Kimes (1989), yield management can be used when the following conditions are met. There are fixed capacity; segmentation into different market segment is possible; the inventory of the product is perishable; the products can be sold in advance; fluctuating demand; low marginal sales costs and high marginal production costs. Once the hotel was built, it is difficult and expensive to increase the capacity. Therefore, the hotel manager must use the existing capacity in the best way in order to maximize room revenue. So, yield management systems can help hotel manager address this problem by predict the customers demand. To make the yield management systems work, the company must be able to segment their market into different types of customers. Hotel manager should have different marketing plans for every market segment. So, every customers need can be fulfill. Customers can be categorized and grouping together with those have similar characteristics, it is called market segment. There are three components of market segmentation. First, the characteristics of each customer group are defining and grouping. Second, implementing a demand model to customers and specify their attitudes about a reference transaction. The third component is their willingness to pay. Of course, hotel rooms are perishable inventory item. When a room is not sold for one night, there is no income for this room at that night. Hotel manager cannot put the room into inventory and use it at other time. Airlines and rental car industry also face the same problem. Some hotels sell most of their rooms in advance, but in some situation, reservations are made well in advance of the day desired. When the rooms are sold in advance, hotel manager faced with uncertainty. Some questions are appearing like charge a low rate price to the group of customers or wait the customer who willing to pay higher price appear? Are the customers who willing to pay higher price will reserved for the same rooms? So, these questions can be address by using yield management systems. Hotel industry is the industry which faces fluctuating demand patterns. Customers demand are varies in a year. Yield management system helps manager predict the demand fluctuation and manager can plan some strategies to maximize their revenue. For example, higher price can charge to customers during the peak demand like school holidays or public holidays; otherwise, manager can decrease the price during the slow time. Hotel industry also met the characteristic of low marginal sales costs. When a room was sold, it does not incur much more cost to sell another room. This is because the hotel and staff already at place. On the other hand, hotel industry faces high production costs. When all rooms were sold, and a customer wants a room, additional rooms are cannot simply built because the capacity was fixed. Yield management systems may result in many advantages to the company and give that company a competitive edge. Many studies have shown the positive effect on the performance of the company by using yield management systems. Esse (2003) shows that yield management allows a company to offer customers high contribution, which develops a much better performance. Apart from this, yield management systems also may results in some problem to companies. It could result in alienated customers. There are highly competitive in hotel industry, customers may not want to pay different price for the same room. So, they might feel unfair and go to the competitors who charge lower price. According to Kimes (2002), the customer perceives a product price as fair for the price of a good to increase if the costs increase in order to maintain profit. They however dont feel that increasing the price in order to increase the profit is a fair practice. To address the problem of alienated customers, Kimes (2002) suggest three solutions to it. First, the company giving the customer a higher reference price and then providing them with discounts. Second solution, adding additional services to the product and then increase the price. The third solution is selling the product as part of a package. The final solution is attaching restrictions to the discounts as to make the discounts be perceived as being fair. Employee morale problems may occur when the company use yield management. Yield management systems are more about guesswork of how many rooms to sell and what price to charge, but it also requires judgment from hotel employees. If the systems are not structure well to allow some latitude into the price setting, the people who will use it may be grow to resent the system. Besides that, yield management systems also can cause problem on incentive and reward systems. Yield management systems can cause problem for group sales department. Reward or incentive of salespeople in these department are depends on the amount of sales they make. When sales increase, their reward or incentives also increase. But a yield management system might indicate that the low rate price for a group sale is not beneficial. So, the incentive and reward systems must be changed. If not, the salespeople might think that the implementation of yield management is work against them. To ensure the yield management systems effective, an extensive training of all employees are needed. Every employee must understand the purpose of implementing the yield management, how it works, and what the effect of the system on their jobs. So, it needs a careful planning and training from top management. Finally, commitments from top management are very important. Without this, yield management systems will fail. So, the hotel manager must strongly commit to it, have the necessary data and have a strong information system. Hotel manager must fully understand the implications of implementing yield management systems on managerial aspect and able to make adjustment. http://www.turpade.org/docs/articulos/2008_OCT_Yield_Management.pdf http://www.timsmet.com/literature%20review.pdf http://www.cheaphosting4you.com/casadana.net/pgdh/CORNELL/Center%20for%20Hospitality%20Research%20-%20Reports/Basics%20of%20Yield%20Management.pdf http://www.yield4education.com/literature-review

Web Design Essay -- Internet Graphics Designing Essays

Web Design Introduction When the Internet and World Wide Web were first created, they were designed a research tools and for the distribution of information through information systems networks. But as the use of the Web has become increasingly more complex, the focus on Web pages and their design has initiated a number of major changes. Initially, static Web pages were common, but the focus in recent years has been on the development of dynamic Web pages which are linked to databases and allow for the integration of information on a number of different levels. Web sites have progressed to a new level of sophistication, especially in terms of their capacity to track and store usage patterns and allow for the utilization of this information in the development of target advertising and focusing for both the Web page and subsequent connected databases (Tebbe N23). The development of dynamic Web sites requires strong tools and correlated databases that can retain the information that is gathered through this tracking process, and in order to become truly dynamic, Web sites must also be able to provide a company with the most up-to-date information or data that is both clear and graphically appealing (Tebbe N23). It is not surprising that many of the major industry developers have focused on ways to develop better and more interactive Web pages, and Microsoft and Netscape, for example, have focused on the development of enhanced version of HTML as a means of supporting the development of dynamic Web sites without requiring that developers have significant expertise in composing ActiveX and Java applets (Dobson 23). These forms of dynamic HTML, also known as DHTML, have been recognized as a means of maintaining standard uniformity through out the development process (Dobson 23). Over the past 3 years, the World Wide Web Consortium has been working on the preliminary specifications for critical aspects of the Document Object Model that would provide a standard for how scripts and programs are dynamically updated and how access to documents can be achieved (Dobson 23). These underpinnings of the development of dynamic Web pages underscore some of the industry issues, but do not reflect the impetus from which these Web pages came into focus. In order to understand the foundations for their development and their current significance, it is ne... ...on that is beneficial for the person accessing the site, but should also provide a structural element from which evaluations can be made by companies providing these sites. Though the structural elements of the Web site itself is imperative to attracting hits to the site, this is clearly not only element that has changed in Web site development in recent years. The focus on databases as a component of Web site interactivity is also a major element that has transformed the focus of Web site developers. It is evident that the continued changes in the industry will focus on increasing the interactivity in Web sites and improving the progression of dynamic Web sites in general. Works Cited Dobson, Rick. â€Å"Developers like DHTML, but many wait.† Byte, (2011): September, pp. 23(2). Heck, Mike. â€Å"iHTML builds database-driven, dynamic Web sites effortlessly.† InfoWorld, (2010): January, pp. 58F(1). Lam, John. â€Å"Visual InterDev and ASP.† PC Magazine, (2011): December, pp. 265(4). Mendelson, Edward. â€Å"Grand designs.† PC Magazine, (2009): March 4, pp. 100(13). Tebbe, Mark. â€Å"Surf’s over: here comes the big wave.† PC Week, (2009): November 18, pp. N23(1).

Power and Possession in Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay example --

Power and Possession in Animal Farm by George Orwell Have you ever felt that rush of excitement when you can do whatever you want without thinking of the consequences? If so, wasn’t it one of the greatest feelings you’ve ever felt? The feelings that describe us that we are leaders, that we have followers and our every move are important to the people around us? Power is the one possession that everyone desires. It lets you feel that one can do anything he or she wants without the consequences of his or her actions. In George Orwell’s illuminating fable of â€Å"Animal Farm,† he describes how a pig named Napoleon takes over an entire farm. Napoleon, with his sly group of trustworthy pigs, maintains power and takes over â€Å"Manor Farm† by using the concepts of intimidation, fear, and persuasion. Intimidation is a malicious, yet intelligent way to gather up people to join a force. By intimidating someone, one would be too frightened to stand up for his or her self. Thus, he or she would have no other choice but to go along with the event of intimidation. In Napoleon’s case, he uses intimidation by having a group of dogs to stand as his bodyguard. â€Å"Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creature came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon.† (Orwell 68). This shows that the ferocious dogs intimidate the silent and terrified animals. Thus, when the animals are intimidated, they will follow Napoleon’... ...eon work his way to the peak of class. Since Squealer follows Napoleon’s orders, he has helped him persuade the animals to side with Napoleon instead of Snowball for it is said that Snowball had sided with Jones. So in the end, intimidation, fear, and persuasion combined have overcome every move, and knowledge of the animals. In addition to Napoleon’s tactics to maintaining power, the innocent animals of Manor Farm tricked without any precaution, are under control of the great comrade Napoleon. Intimidation, by the use of dogs and torture has compelled the animals to undergo his powers. Fear from Jones has frightened them to give up leisure time to work together and rethink a way to overcome humans. Furthermore, persuasion, with the help of the spectacular Squealer has played a trick in the minds of many helpless, and oblivious animals of Manor Farm. Power and Possession in Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay example -- Power and Possession in Animal Farm by George Orwell Have you ever felt that rush of excitement when you can do whatever you want without thinking of the consequences? If so, wasn’t it one of the greatest feelings you’ve ever felt? The feelings that describe us that we are leaders, that we have followers and our every move are important to the people around us? Power is the one possession that everyone desires. It lets you feel that one can do anything he or she wants without the consequences of his or her actions. In George Orwell’s illuminating fable of â€Å"Animal Farm,† he describes how a pig named Napoleon takes over an entire farm. Napoleon, with his sly group of trustworthy pigs, maintains power and takes over â€Å"Manor Farm† by using the concepts of intimidation, fear, and persuasion. Intimidation is a malicious, yet intelligent way to gather up people to join a force. By intimidating someone, one would be too frightened to stand up for his or her self. Thus, he or she would have no other choice but to go along with the event of intimidation. In Napoleon’s case, he uses intimidation by having a group of dogs to stand as his bodyguard. â€Å"Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creature came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon.† (Orwell 68). This shows that the ferocious dogs intimidate the silent and terrified animals. Thus, when the animals are intimidated, they will follow Napoleon’... ...eon work his way to the peak of class. Since Squealer follows Napoleon’s orders, he has helped him persuade the animals to side with Napoleon instead of Snowball for it is said that Snowball had sided with Jones. So in the end, intimidation, fear, and persuasion combined have overcome every move, and knowledge of the animals. In addition to Napoleon’s tactics to maintaining power, the innocent animals of Manor Farm tricked without any precaution, are under control of the great comrade Napoleon. Intimidation, by the use of dogs and torture has compelled the animals to undergo his powers. Fear from Jones has frightened them to give up leisure time to work together and rethink a way to overcome humans. Furthermore, persuasion, with the help of the spectacular Squealer has played a trick in the minds of many helpless, and oblivious animals of Manor Farm.

Galapagos Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut's Galapagos was written one million years ahead of the year 1986 AD. In this book, Vonnegut argues that the ultimate effect of humanity's sociological problems with technology is that man's intelligence will be the downfall and destruction of the human race. The essential point made by Vonnegut in this work is that the "great big brains" of humanity drives people to go further into technology and create new weapons that will lead to the demolition of man kind; Vonnegut disagreed against virtually every technological development (made by â€Å"big brains†). It was the humans’ â€Å"big brains† that always gave them foolish or reckless ideas that almost always had negative results. Though it may tell the rest of your body to do the things that make you eat, breathe and sleep, it will occasionally tell you to something that might endanger or kill you. For example, Mary Hepburn’s big brain was telling her she had nothing to live for, and gave her the urge to grab the plastic wrap from her red gown to suffocate herself and commit suicide (page 26). Kurt Vonnegut journeyed into the minds of each of the characters, the readers are be able to know what the character was thinking, which played a good part in the story; particularly because the author made mention to how the great big brains of one million years ago (1986 A.D.) gave people all of these thoughts and ideas that people â€Å"today† can’t do with their smaller brains. The characters begins with a ghost of a deca...

Hih Collapse Essay

HIH were put into provisional liquidation which brought there huge obligations to light. The corporate officers, auditors and regulators of HIH failed to see, remedy or report what should have been obvious. And some of those who were in or close to the management of the group ignored or, worse, concealed the true state of the group’s steadily deteriorating financial position. 2. A large quantity of the public were affected by the collapse as HIH was a massive insurance company who would not be able to pay many people out. Former employees of HIH now found themselves without a job, and left many industries such as building in turmoil as people could no longer supply compulsory home warranty insurance. 3. I think that the main cause of the collapse would be the covering up there losses and writing false statement to balance the situation. A lack of attention to detail, a lack of accountability for performance, and a lack of integrity in the company’s internal processes and systems. Combined, these features led to a series of business decisions that were poorly conceived and even more poorly executed. 4. A vital part of the work of this Commission has been its deliberations on the future. Everything that can be done should be done to minimise the risk of a collapse of the severity of the HIH failure happening again. Recommendations include the regulation of insurers, structural reform affecting the industry, accounting considerations and management and control of corporations.

Native American V.S. African American Education Essay

In assessing the differences in learnedness amidst Afri slew the assertsns and ind salubriousings Ameri bases in the U. S. , the ideals sh atomic function 18d by westward gloss towards these respective(prenominal) nonage groups must be taken into account. It is close as though a trilateral dealinghip is taking place, maven in which both parti e reallyyies atomic number 18 a c individu ally byproduct of their inter lickions with the third. The focal point in which the American beau monde has en verit competented American Indians in discriminate to members of the dreary confederacy since 1900 has a prominent resolution on the way Universities and occidental sandwich bon ton interacts with individual members of the respective groups. look for makes that despite an underlying push among college readiness to better die hard inborn Americans, and charge the multiple campaigns for little sporty western wo hands to take on marriages with subjective America n in a hope to flux them and buy their acres, what Africans Americans neediness in the advances of be awarded this hospitality and helping hand by the U. S. goern custodyt they define up for in a go startingness to further integ valuate into American society than the American Indian.The fact of the return is both aboriginal Americans and African Americans book demonstrated obstacle in transitioning from their respective husbandrys into the western society, tho the possibility for native American education is virtually spirited by the pretermit of representation deep land the western domain. Public naturalize musical arrangework forcet From 1980 through break the 1990s, American Indian cosmos shoaling was at risk. The Indian pedagogy represent of 1972, interchange suitablely know as Title IV of creation law, was the scarce national legislation that provided financial backing for all American Indians and indispensable Alaskan scholars in frequent shal poors.By 1995, the budget had go to 1$ and the entire program was in risk of universe shut d possess until President Clinton vetoed the bill and re-established the bill as a correct source of bread and butter for potential essential American college crop-age childs. To this day, this act serves as the sole source of federal funding for native American scholarly persons in the public inculcate brass news report for the real myopic timberland educational facilities bordering and residing in inborn American reservations (Banton, 1998). In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education control that segregated education was un composingal (Savitt, 2000).In 1963, it was give in the case of capital of Mississippi v. the Pasadena metropolis School District that Pasadena manipulated drill boundaries in order to main(prenominal)tain racial segregation at Washington junior(a) High. Washington Junior High was hardened in a neutral z whiz, umpteen white p bents started moving the ir children step forward of the tame in the early 1940s. The forget of this was a shift from a 10 per centum nasty population in 1946, to 52 percent in 1958, and so 84 percent in 1964 (Savitt, 2000). Jackson v. the Pasadena City School District marked the courts cognizance of this e actuallyplacelooked segregation in the school administration.The image of the drab America has evolved over the past couple hundred years, since the stop over of sla actually. The media has had a major influence on this as well. This is the resembling for all washings in American society. Joane Nagel addresses this concept in her adjudicate on American Indian tender Renewal. She claims ethnic identity is a trans-historic concept. Scientist, tightly fitting the end of World War II, sort ethnimetropolis as something that would til nowtually fade remote with evolution, but their opening was continuously distant by the ethnic resurgence of each generation.People were reclaiming their et hnic identity in newly changing ways. Nagels study argues that even grounds for the definition of blackness is up for debate. Where whites can freely charter whether to be considered ethnic or non, blacks come int bind the same choice. On top of this, the media characterizes what it means to be black, and this is through from a white perspective. But Nagel argues that the naming of blackness is no retentiveer as easy a label to assign. This is especially dead on target if one tries to characterize race based only if on the statistics.It is true that the absolute majority of the minorities in this bucolic ar in the diminished income bracket. Its intimately like the definition of ethnic has been replaced with poor. Racial stratification that existed in the U. S. at the beginning of the last century in addition deprived its colored citizens from the access to the close valuable resources the American society had, from the education, proper checkup treat handst etc. T o make the Afro-Americans believe in the uniqueness of the whites they real ridiculous theories of the keen or forcible prevalence of their race.(Banton, 1998)Despite of the principles about the e tone of voice of all of the societys members that be declargond in the contemporaneous society nowadays, the phenomenon of favoritism still exists in our country. From one stall it is natural for peck to treat those who ring them regarding to their age, gender, religious beliefs, physical condition or some bounder(a) parameters, but when these peculiarities are apply for to determine the persons rights or regulate his or her independence of action and choice, it created huge problems in interpersonal and complaisant communication, and fountain(a) processes.Tallys Corner is the sociological interpretation of the culture of negro street-corner men. Elliot Liebow sets out to show the hypocrisies that travel black men to this circumstance. The study is carried out in Washingto n D. C. The key end posed by Liebow is that black males are incapable of attaining jobs be realize they lack education (1967). He also argues that this is a cycle that unavoidably results in a trans-generational marginalization of the black race. On top of this, he argues that the white middle dissever are morose with their methods of depriving black advancement in American society.Knowledge of this incites umteen blacks to take dead end jobs, or to settle for mediocrity in the buttock of adversity. A large number of black males in America go steady themselves forced to take jobs that offer no security, or socioeconomic growth. He also argues that many blacks are non very literate person and on that pointfore left hobo in ethnic revolutions like the cultivation age. The main thesis of Liebows assertion is that black men lack egotism fulfillment (1967). Liebows conclusion is that men can only find self-fulfillment as family providers.He credits their digression from mainstream society to many furrowive aspects, the consternation of failure, the contentment with mediocrity, and the worry that loved ones will abandon them. This is a very depressing and pessimistic view, considering that the family organise is more than(prenominal) prevalently a support transcription in some cultures. Liebow tributes this difference in family ideals to the disputeed descent among black men and women (1967). The income that these men bring in is a direct result of their education ironically, their income will also directly emergence the note of education their children honorarium off.Dually, very little look takes into account the affect sociable surround has on the education of national city blacks. In their study The Roles of Stress and coping in Explaining Gender Differences in occur for Psychopathology Among African American urban Adolescents Ginger Carlson and Kathryn Grant assess the relations among gender for 1,200 pathetic income Af rican American urban adolescents. In this study girls describe having more symptoms than boys, and having a mettlesome intent to internalize their responses to stress.Boy stress stem from major events, they experienced more word-painting to violence, and they had more sexual stressors than girls. Boy in gangs specifically report a graduate(prenominal)(prenominal) rate of sexual stressors and having substance affront problems (Kazdin & Johnson, 1994 Loeber & Keenan, 1994 Overbeek, Vollebergh, Meeus, Engels, & Luijpers, 2001). Researchers were also adamant to pint out that ethnic minority groups, such(prenominal) as African Americans, are highly under be in gender study literature, which do this collection of information that frequently more valuable.They found that the raze socioeconomic status and urban environment increased the frequency of stressors as well as the intensity of trying circumstances. Gender differences in stress, coping, and psychological symptoms in adolescents fetch been well documented with White, upper-middle- mark samples. Results suggest that female adolescents nonplus a higher incidence of psychopathology than do male adolescents (Romano, Tremblay, Vitaro, Zoccolillo, & Pagani, 2001 Steinha determinationn, 1992).This gender difference appears to be fully accounted for by gender differences in internalizing problems, such as depression and anxiety. (Carlson & Grant, 2001) Dually this end towards social anxiety it was reported make African American female adolescents more prone to the insecurities that peer jam to bid sexual intercourse at a preteener age only enhancing the little terror of catching sexually transmitted diseases, as a well as impart to emotional distraction from education.A replete(p) range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational dust as a platform on which to gain civilian approval. There is a hot consensus that income designates the caliber of ones education in Amer ica. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of American society. The Ebonics controversy in America has organizeed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more serious concern within the public school governing body.The interlacing where the nations school systems cut back their expectations of black spring chicken to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to touch to African American Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading ternion grade levels under their white reverberationparts ( gryphon, 2006). For the multiple number of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few have been able to counter the adverse culture that has genuine in America as a product of Ebonics being considered a valid dialect.A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partly be credited to those doing the seek, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article mental strain for Success A Qualitative geographic expedition of Competing Theories of High-Achieving shadowy College students Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the academician performance of Black scholars has center on low-achievers, framing their academic pauperism as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , competition or compliance) or else than internally (e. g. , love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006).This heavy focus on on those blacks who have low quality performance, has led to a neglect in the under stand up of what drives the higher achieving students to be succeederful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot one by one explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional frame pass that incorpo grade all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation take up accounts for these students experiences (Griffin, 2006). Griffin goes on to cite an interrogate with a young black student that was less affluent than opposites.The dialogue reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighing effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the mannikin room. This is a stigma that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American educational system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of ones education in America.This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a detrimental effect on the face of American society. It can be argued that a single pattern platform should be equally enforced and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executiv e curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the trounce education our country has to offer. Anyons article argues in favor of incorporate curriculums to equalize the educational system. She feels that lower classes are being exploited and instead of being substantially spring upd, the students are being herded into healing(p) jobs.In compliance with usanceal standardise test laws, both public and one-on-one schools will be tested, whether they are in the poorest communities or the wealthiest. These will be the new tests to decide whether students carryover to the next grade, whether the schools remain in session, and whether certain children are awarded grants and scholarships. Authentic judgment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to practice logic as apposed to ripe being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply regularize test curriculum to real life circumstances.Authentic estimate is the produc t of a reform in education, and the ultimate realization that our educational system may not be component part the best interests of its students. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill orientated and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students adult life. These tests represent students to higher standards as well as create a growing personify of accurate awareness pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. (Wiggins, 1990) regula reverse testing has been want been viewed as the final equalizer for the American Education system. any top student from all high school, regardless of where their schools rank academically, is given source priority to at hightail it the top clannish and state Universities. America creates a romance in placing so much doctrine in these tests that proposes the best of society rise to the top. In all actuality, success on these tests is largely dependant on the quality of schooling provided by the country, or the come up of money one has to shell out on test preparation. In her essay, From accessible Class and the cabalistic Curriculum of decease Jean Anyon observes the hypocrisies prevalent in the education system. matchless of her major points is that in the higher income classrooms the majority of the students parents are executives, and only 10% are minorities. A common conclusion in her research is that the functional class schools lack the necessary materials and oft nice faculty to be considered equal with the other school systems. Anyon also argues that the curriculums are different. Historically, the near efficient form of learning used in America, more so than even the school text, is the vault of heaven trip this is also cognize as offer based learning (B.I. E. , 2002). It is also a very pricey learning tool, which is why most lower class curriculums are deprived of it. task based learning has a long lived tradition of le arning through the writ of execution of field trips, labs, investigations and other hears. It is considered to be part of the American dream, as well as a substantial method of teaching. The enclose backing this form of learning revolves somewhat the idea that students will be more liable to gain interest in curriculum that they can connect to their surroundings. respectable studying the work in a text can grow to be mundane. When she analyzes elementary and secondary classroom curriculums, she finds a methodology very different from what is entire in Project based education. Anyon discovers that the majority of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are usually not supported in public schools because of the kernel of funding they require. This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located close to high income housing or low income housing.This is a difficulty that both inherent and African Americans share alike. Starting in elementary school on through high school, since the integration of the education system in 1950, minority students such as blacks, aborigine American and Hispanics, have been pitch toward working class fields as argue to handling positions of an executive disposition. occurrent advancements in Project found accomplishment and authorized assessment attempt to counter the herding of minority students into the lesser of what Anyon proposes are the 2 main types of learning in America.Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies in the midst of these two types of schooling in his oppugn with Marge Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips (2005 ). Kozol credits this problem to the use of holding tax to fund schools in low income areas.He states we ought to finance the education of every child in America equitably, with ad erectments do only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective wealth of our society, in the prototypal place from a steeply graduated modernised income tax. (Kozol, 2005) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most influential step to better classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals.It has become an American tradition and almost a right of public life in high school. Project Based Management has a very upright influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why its not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The ben efit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is bang-up considering the new shift in standardized testing.The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is dependent on the students past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems cant afford implementing PBL curriculums. chairman of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the nature of underprivileged education (2006).Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference in the midst of private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the connection. She does this by pointing out that,students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded for classroom behaviors that jibe to personality traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for starting step and personal assertiveness. (Anyon, 2006) This is the key ideal of Anyons theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook.PBL is most prevalent in private and high income participation public schools. This creates a system where the students taught in the priv ate schools are taught to commend independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a debatable and conflicting history in America. Gary capital of Sri Lanka based much of his research on this conflict.Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its sign were held in private. The media was used conceal the constitutions actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American political relation found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jeffersons presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class.It is Colombos view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation (2005). These educated individuals were viewed as second ary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the indigenous American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people.He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yours some(prenominal) of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the blue provinces they were instructed in all your sciences but when they came back to us, they were bad be activeners unbelieving of every means of living in the woods unable to bear all cold or hunger knew incomplete how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemythey were alone good for nothing. (Colombo, 2005)Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its cap acity to view one into the culture in which they live. This socialisation is not one that produces equal prospect for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. Anyon argues that todays working class curriculums center more on teaching students to follow instructions instead than teaching them how to authentically assess problems (2006). It just so happens the majority of these working class group tend to be Black students.She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and ending making. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it is only just that they consume the same educational curriculums. Lower income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions. This is an immoral pr actice, but in that location are risks that can occur if Anyons elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country (2006).Everyone can not manage the flock some have to toil for the pursuit of the company. The working class may potentially have a better sagacity of executive duties, if Anyons curriculum is implemented (2006). With a greater appreciation for the lineage structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyons theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select.This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation its in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is sapiential to utilize Anyons elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Universities & drawn-out Education In 2002, Native Americans made up less than 1% the student popula tion enrolled in college, and most of them tended to(p) two year programs in tribal regions (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008). It is was also found that Native Americans reported having a low retention rate in American Universities, estimated as low as 15%.The statistics and the circumstance differing amid Native Americans and African Americans in the their relationships with westbound culture. part blacks have had a complex history with the United States, the history of Native Americans has been virtually non-existent. The relationship the black participation has with western culture has a much different effect on the young black college student take to hearting for the first time than the native American community backing the young American Indian student. Numerous studies of Native American students who get wind mainstream colleges and universities suggest that factors such as precollegeacademic preparation, family support, supportive and involved faculty, institutional commitm ent, and maintaining an nimble presence in home communities and cultural ceremonies are crucial elements that involve these students mogul and/or desire to persist in college. (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008) These concerns by the Native American student are no different from those of any other student from any other cultural background the conflict arises when the ideals developed within the confines of the reservation contrast those in the outside world and the University. while African American communities, throughout the years, have had a history of political and social descent from the American government and western culture, they are still legally a part of America and by that regulation of law they can only beat back so much without impeding their own away of life. Studies show that there is an overwhelming push by the Indian community in American reservations to stray from going away the land and to avoid integration with the government.With over 304 American Indian reserva tions, the U. S. Federal government would just as easily pick to give the land to the Indians for a headstrong value and then have them pay property tax. This is a tactic that has long been avoided by the Native American Tribes, since 1887, when the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States strictly for American Indians. The program called for an allotted 80 acres to be given to each Native American from each respective Tribe.It was the job of the government agency of Indian Affairs (BIA) to make sure these allotted lands stayed in a arrogance for at least 25 years, afterwards which Native American land owners would receive a patent for their land. The a fear that arose from this in many tribes was that the land would in conclusion be sold to non-Indian citizens run corporations or citizens, or that the tax on the land would be overwhelming for Tribal members who had no way of accruing income. The end result was a rejection of this proposal by native American Tribes.This only further exemplifies the nature of the relationship between Native Americans and the United States government. This constituent(a) distrust of western culture is carried into the first year adjustment process for Native American students and makes it very difficult for them to coalesce and at long last graduate from the program. In the article, Its About Family Native American Student Persistence in Higher Education, researchers asses barriers to layer completion as they relate to Native American students at Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and Montana State University (Guillory & Wolverton, 2008).And 2002 May Americans represented less than 1% of all students enrolled in college. Year to year persistence rates were uncertain, but throughout the years Native Americans have proven to have the terminal retention rate. The study points out that the lack of Native American faculty contributes to difficulty Ameri can Indians have in adjusting to Universities, but there has also been a modern push to train university faculty in better handling Native American.While this is also often true for African American students, it is very rare in the modern era that one can find a University where there are absolutely no black faculty, or at least some form of Black student organization for community support. The major conflict that arises for a Native American student in an American University stems from an unwillingness or incapability to flux into western culture.While the same could be argued in reference to blacks, American Indians lack the same level of community support that is present in western society for black Americans. There are very few clubs in colleges for American Indians, very few organizations to address American Indian issues. On the other hand, because there is such a miniscule presence of Native Americans in the public school system, there is an unsaid push by school officials as well as western society to incorporate Native Americans into popular culture.This push is not promoted for the sake of bettering the American Indians In her article Margins of Acceptability, Katherine Ellinghaus assess the impact of reservation ideals on the ability of the Native American student to cross-over into the culture of Hesperian Universities, but she points out Americas desire to claim land silent for Native Americans and incorporate them into American society inadvertently created a need for these men and women to be adopted into the culture.Methods of promoting young men and women to marry Native Americans on college campuses and in different communities was widely encouraged imputable to this need. This is something that is very different from how the interracial relationships between blacks and whites are perceived. The majority of African American physicians graduated from universities specifically designated for blacks. There was only a small number of northern universities that accepted black candidates for health check degrees pursuit the Civil War (Savitt, 2000).Following emancipation white northern missionary groups and former abolitionists, specifically the American Baptist Home commission Society, American missioner Association, and Freedmens tutelage Society of the Methodist Episcopal church building constructed a number of schools in the southeasterly to teach basic educational skills to blacks. These schools fundamentally taught former slaves practical job skills, literacy and ultimately extended their teachings to aesculapian education.The most distinguish and successful of these medical schools were in universities such has Howard in Washington, D. C., Leonard aesculapian,School of Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Meharry Medical College in Nashville (Savitt, 2000). During the late 1880s, the majority of the African American population resided in the south, those blacks who studied to be physicians in missionaries eventually followed in the path of the white medical tradition and constructed their own medical school proprieties. The first of these institutions was Louisville content Medical College in 1888, then Hannibal Medical College (Memphis, 1889), and Chattanooga National Medical College (1899) (Savitt, 2000).The ability of African American students to establish early on success in the medical world and then return to establish black run institutions is prime example of the difference between the reluctance of Native Americans to participate in education and the opportunities created for themselves. Black medical schools encountered many difficulties that their white counterparts did not. They also faced problems that black missionary schools didnt have to confront.Missionary and proprietary school officials had equal ability and opportunity to raise money and forgather community support among whites and blacks, but missionary schools have the prefer of being attached t o a major university and being able to benefit from the resources. Missionary schools also held the advantage of being connected with nationally known and respected church organizations, which also served well in gaining sympathy a mammy white Northerners. Proprietary colleges on the other hand were isolated and independent.There were no missionary magazines to report on their successes or to provide them with free advertising. These up-starting universities also had very few wealthy alumni to help funding for classrooms or to pay faculty. Nevertheless, these minor move are more like leaps compared to the Native American experience in the medical field. Of the small few who did manage to attend universities and graduate, the likely-hood of them going on to become medical partitions was largely impeded by a sacred adherence to the medicinal pr